Note: While domestic violence is blind to gender and sexual orientation, the texts below recognize the prolific issue of men abusing women in heterosexual relationships

GUIDING INVESTIGATIONS


  • What types of domestic violence are discussed in Jewish sources?
  • In what ways do the texts describe a holy and healthy relationship? What words do they use?
  • What “cause” and “effect” statements are described in some of the texts?
  • Why do you think so many sources of Jewish text describe ways to avoid domestic violence?

ואמר רמי בר חמא אמר רב אסי אסור לאדם שיכוף אשתו לדבר מצוה שנאמר ואץ ברגלים חוטא ואמר רבי יהושע בן לוי כל הכופה אשתו לדבר מצוה הויין לו בנים שאינן מהוגנין

Rami bar Ḥama said that Rav Asi said: It is prohibited for a man to force his wife in the conjugal mitzva, i.e., sexual relations, as it is stated: “And he who hastens with his feet sins” (Proverbs 19:2). The term his feet is understood here as a euphemism for intercourse. And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Anyone who forces his wife to perform the conjugal mitzva will have unworthy children as a consequence.

Comprehension:

  • What is “haste” and why might someone who acts in haste be led to sin?
  • What is the text trying to tell us about “unworthy children?”
  • What is the possible future emotional state of children conceived in violence?

Challenges to Grapple With:

  • This text tells us that having marital sexual relations is a mitzvah (a commandment, a good act) but that having compelled sexual relations is a sin. How should individual people within a couple navigate their individual needs within the role of mitzvah?
אמר רב חסדא לעולם אל יטיל אדם אימה יתירה בתוך ביתו שהרי פילגש בגבעה הטיל עליה בעלה אימה יתירה והפילה כמה רבבות מישראל
Rav Ḥisda says: A person should never impose excessive fear upon the members of his household, as the husband of the concubine of Gibeah imposed excessive fear upon her and this ultimately caused the downfall of many tens of thousands of Jews in the resulting war (see Judges 19–20).

Comprehension:

  • How might fear be imposed on a household?
  • Who might live in a household this text is describing?
  • Why might Rabbi Hisda link fear with tragedy? What might happen if a family lives in fear of one of its members?

Challenges to Grapple With:

  • This text is explicit when it says “excessive fear.” Do you think that means that Rabbi Hisda believes that some fear is good to have from parental authority? Do you believe that there is a “health fear” of a parent or spouse? Why or why not?

(יט) וְכֵן צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אָדָם מְכַבֵּד אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ יוֹתֵר מִגּוּפוֹ וְאוֹהֲבָהּ כְּגוּפוֹ. וְאִם יֵשׁ לוֹ מָמוֹן מַרְבֶּה בְּטוֹבָתָהּ כְּפִי מָמוֹנוֹ. וְלֹא יַטִּיל עָלֶיהָ אֵימָה יְתֵרָה. וְיִהְיֶה דִּבּוּרוֹ עִמָּהּ בְּנַחַת. וְלֹא יִהְיֶה עָצֵב וְלֹא רַגְזָן:

(19) Thus the Sages commanded: A man should honor his wife more than himself and love her as himself. If he is wealthy, he should increase her benefits accordingly. He should not inspire excess fear in her, and he should speak gently with her, and be neither depressed nor hot-tempered.

Comprehension:

  • What does it mean to honor someone more than you honor yourself? What is the benefit of having that mindset within a relationship?
  • Maimonides, the author of this text, lived in a reality where men generally controlled the finances of the family. How does that effect the relationship as described in the text?
  • Considering family finances, how might financial control relate to domestic violence?
  • How is intimidation a form of domestic violence?
  • How does the husband's emotional state effect the relationship?

Challenges to Grapple With:

  • The text states that a husband should not instill "excess fear" in his wife. Is there a healthy amount of fear? Should it be one direction or mutual?
(יג) כִּ֤י לֹֽא־אוֹיֵ֥ב יְחָֽרְפֵ֗נִי וְאֶ֫שָּׂ֥א לֹֽא־מְ֭שַׂנְאִי עָלַ֣י הִגְדִּ֑יל וְאֶסָּתֵ֥ר מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ (יד) וְאַתָּ֣ה אֱנ֣וֹשׁ כְּעֶרְכִּ֑י אַ֝לּוּפִ֗י וּמְיֻדָּֽעִי׃ (טו) אֲשֶׁ֣ר יַ֭חְדָּו נַמְתִּ֣יק ס֑וֹד בְּבֵ֥ית אֱ֝לֹקִ֗ים נְהַלֵּ֥ךְ בְּרָֽגֶשׁ׃
(13) It is not an enemy who reviles me —I could bear that; it is not my foe who vaunts himself against me —I could hide from him; (14) but it is you, my equal, my companion, my friend; (15) sweet was our fellowship; we walked together in God’s house.

Comprehension:

  • Why might we be able to hide from an enemy/adversary but not from a friend/companion?
  • How might our expectations of our “equals, companions, friends” be different than that of enemies?
  • What does it mean to have "sweet fellowship?"
  • In this text, it is one man speaking about another who is his friend. How might this text be used to also set the tone for partner/family relations?

Challenges to Grapple With:

  • This text highlights the human emotion of people hurt more by those we care about than those who we don’t like. Why do you think it hurts more when we are hurt someone who we are supposed to see has an “equal, companion, familiar friend?”
(יא) כִּֽי־יִנָּצ֨וּ אֲנָשִׁ֤ים יַחְדָּו֙ אִ֣ישׁ וְאָחִ֔יו וְקָֽרְבָה֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת הָֽאֶחָ֔ד לְהַצִּ֥יל אֶת־אִישָׁ֖הּ מִיַּ֣ד מַכֵּ֑הוּ וְשָׁלְחָ֣ה יָדָ֔הּ וְהֶחֱזִ֖יקָה בִּמְבֻשָֽׁיו׃ (יב) וְקַצֹּתָ֖ה אֶת־כַּפָּ֑הּ לֹ֥א תָח֖וֹס עֵינֶֽךָ׃ (ס)
(11) If two men get into a fight with each other, and the wife of one comes up to save her husband from his antagonist and puts out her hand and seizes him by his genitals, (12) you shall cut off her hand; show no pity.

Comprehension:

  • What is the wife in this scenario trying to do? And what method is she attempting to use to do it?
  • What is the punishment for the woman for grabbing her husband in front of someone else?

Challenges to Grapple With:

  • In this scenario, the woman is punished for public embarrassment to her husband. Do you think she deserves such a harsh punishment for embarrassing her husband?
  • In what ways might public embarrassment be akin to violence (and should the punishment be the same)?

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES


1. Relationships

דריש ר"ע איש ואשה זכו שכינה ביניהן לא זכו אש אוכלתן

§ Rabbi Akiva taught: If a man [ish] and woman [isha] merit reward through a faithful marriage, the Divine Presence rests between them. The words ish and isha are almost identical; the difference between them is the middle letter yod in ish, and the final letter heh in isha. These two letters can be joined to form the name of God spelled yod, heh. But if due to licentiousness they do not merit reward, the Divine Presence departs, leaving in each word only the letters alef and shin, which spell esh, fire. Therefore, fire consumes them.

2. Medieval rabbinic sanctions against abusive husbands

(א) שאלה ח: עוד שאלת אשה שבעלה מצער אותה הרבה עד שמרוב הצער היא מואסת אותו

(ב) תשובה: קרוב הדבר בזה שיוציא ויתן כתובה דקיימא לן לחיים ניתנה ולא לצער... שאין אדם דר עם נחש בכפיפה והדיין הכופה לחזור לבעלה אם מרדה... מנדין אותו

Question: Another question about a long suffering wife, whose husband is a difficult person whom she cannot stand.

Response: You can write that he should divorce her and give her the ketubah for she was given for life, not for sorrow... and does not have to live in close quarters with a snake… and the rabbinic judge who forces a woman who rebelled to go back to her [abusive] husband... should be excommunicated…”

שו"ת בנימין זאב, סימן מ"ח, מצטט תקנת רבינו פרץ

קול שועת בנות עמינו ממרחק נשמע על אודות בני ישראל המרימי' זרועותיהן להכות נשותיהם ומי השליט באיש בענין זה להכות אשתו הלא מוזהר ועומד הוא שלא להכות שום נפש אחד מישראל... לכן גזרנו בתוקף גזרה ואלה על כל בר ישראל ליכנס בחרם לבקשת אשתו או לבקשת אחד מקרוביה הפסולין לה להעיד שלא להכות אשתו דרך כעס או דרך רשע או דרך בזיון כי לא יעשה זאת בישראל... הודענו לב"ד של אותו מקום כשתבוא זעקת האשה או זעקת קרוביה לפסוק לה מזונות לפי כבודה לפי מנהג בנות המקום אשר דרה היא שם לפי ערכה ויפסקו לה מזונות כאלו הפליג בעלה ממנה והלך בדרך רחוקה

Responsa Binyamin Ze'ev 48, citing enactment of Rabbi Peretz

The cries of our daughters come to us from afar as Jewish [men] raise their hands against their wives. And who ruled that a man may strike his wife? He is forbidden to strike any other person at all! Therefore we have decreed that any Jew may be compelled [to take an oath] not to beat his wife in anger or cruelty so as to disgrace her and if he does so, he will be sent to herem [exile], for this is against Jewish practice... We have informed the local courts that if the cries of such a woman reaches them, the court could assign her [financial] maintenance according to her station and according to the custom of the place where she dwells as if her husband had disappeared.

3. Multimedia

VIDEO: When the Vow Breaks (by Jewish Women’s International) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2toFnWldyA (5 min)

VIDEO: To Save A Life: Ending Domestic Violence in Jewish Families https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQ1T4IM1SGM (8 min)

4. Male spousal abuse