(יז) שִׁמְעוֹן בְּנוֹ אוֹמֵר, כָּל יָמַי גָּדַלְתִּי בֵין הַחֲכָמִים, וְלֹא מָצָאתִי לַגּוּף טוֹב אֶלָּא שְׁתִיקָה. וְלֹא הַמִּדְרָשׁ הוּא הָעִקָּר, אֶלָּא הַמַּעֲשֶׂה. וְכָל הַמַּרְבֶּה דְבָרִים, מֵבִיא חֵטְא:
(17) Shimon, his son, used to say: all my days I grew up among the sages, and I have found nothing better for a person than silence. Study is not the most important thing, but actions; whoever indulges in too many words brings about sin.
It was taught in the mishna: An incident occurred where both of the priests were equal as they were running and ascending on the ramp, and one of them shoved the other and he fell and his leg was broken. The Sages taught in the Tosefta: An incident occurred where there were two priests who were equal as they were running and ascending the ramp. One of them reached the four cubits before his colleague, who then, out of anger, took a knife and stabbed him in the heart. The Tosefta continues: Rabbi Tzadok then stood up on the steps of the Entrance Hall of the Sanctuary and said: Hear this, my brothers of the house of Israel. The verse states: “If one be found slain in the land... and it be not known who had smitten him; then your Elders and your judges shall come forth and they shall measure…and it shall be that the city which is nearest to the slain man…shall take a heifer” (Deuteronomy 21:1–3). And the Elders of that city took that heifer and broke its neck in a ritual of atonement. But what of us, in our situation? Upon whom is the obligation to bring the heifer whose neck is broken? Does the obligation fall on the city, Jerusalem, so that its Sages must bring the calf, or does the obligation fall upon the Temple courtyards, so that the priests must bring it? At that point the entire assembly of people burst into tears. The father of the boy, i.e., the young priest who was stabbed, came and found that he was still convulsing. He said: May my son’s death be an atonement for you. But my son is still convulsing and has not yet died, and as such, the knife, which is in his body, has not become ritually impure through contact with a corpse. If you remove it promptly, it will still be pure for future use. The Tosefta comments: This incident comes to teach you that the ritual purity of utensils was of more concern to them than the shedding of blood. Even the boy’s father voiced more concern over the purity of the knife than over the death of his child. And similarly, it says: “Furthermore, Manasseh spilled innocent blood very much, till he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another” (II Kings 21:16), which shows that in his day as well people paid little attention to bloodshed.
The Sages taught: During the tenure of Shimon HaTzaddik, the lot for God always arose in the High Priest’s right hand; after his death, it occurred only occasionally; but during the forty years prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, the lot for God did not arise in the High Priest’s right hand at all. So too, the strip of crimson wool that was tied to the head of the goat that was sent to Azazel did not turn white, and the westernmost lamp of the candelabrum did not burn continually. And the doors of the Sanctuary opened by themselves as a sign that they would soon be opened by enemies, until Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai scolded them. He said to the Sanctuary: Sanctuary, Sanctuary, why do you frighten yourself with these signs? I know about you that you will ultimately be destroyed, and Zechariah, son of Ido, has already prophesied concerning you: “Open your doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour your cedars” (Zechariah 11:1), Lebanon being an appellation for the Temple.
IIt is taught in a baraita: They said about Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel that when he would rejoice at the Celebration of the Place of the Drawing of the Water, he would take eight flaming torches and toss one and catch another, juggling them, and, though all were in the air at the same time, they would not touch each other. And when he would prostrate himself, he would insert his two thumbs into the ground, and bow, and kiss the floor of the courtyard and straighten, and there was not any other creature that could do that due to the extreme difficulty involved. And this was the form of bowing called kidda performed by the High Priest. ... It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya said: When we would rejoice in the Celebration of the Place of the Drawing of the Water, we did not see sleep in our eyes the entire Festival. How so? In the first hour of the day, the daily morning offering was sacrificed and everyone came to watch. From there they proceeded to engage in prayer in the synagogue; from there, to watch the sacrifice of the additional offerings; from there, to the synagogue to recite the additional prayer. From there they would proceed to the study hall to study Torah; from there to the eating and drinking in the sukka; from there to the afternoon prayer. From there they would proceed to the daily afternoon offering in the Temple. From this point forward, they proceeded to the Celebration of the Place of the Drawing of the Water.
Hillel, and his son Shimon, and his grandson Gamliel, and his great-grandson Shimon filled their position of Nasi before the House, while the Temple was standing, for a hundred years
As the Sages taught in a baraita (Tosefta 13:3): From the time when Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi died the Divine Spirit departed from the Jewish people, as these three were considered to be the last prophets. And even after the Urim VeTummim ceased to exist, they would nevertheless still make use of a Divine Voice to receive instructions from Above, even after this time. For on one occasion the Sages were reclining in the upper story of the house of Gurya in Jericho. A Divine Voice from Heaven was issued to them, and it said: There is one person among you for whom it is fitting that the Divine Presence should rest upon him as a prophet, but his generation is not fit for it; they do not deserve to have a prophet among them. The Sages present directed their gaze to Hillel the Elder. And when he died, they eulogized him in the following manner: Alas pious one, alas humble one, student of Ezra. And again, on another occasion several generations later, the Sages were reclining in an upper story of a house in Yavne, and a Divine Voice from Heaven was issued to them, and said: There is one person among you for whom it is fitting that the Divine Presence should rest upon him, but his generation is not fit for it. The Sages present directed their gaze to Shmuel HaKatan. And when he died, they eulogized him in the following manner: Alas humble one, alas pious one, student of Hillel. And he too, Shmuel HaKatan, said the following statement of divinely inspired prediction at the time of his death: Shimon, i.e., Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, and Yishmael, i.e., Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha the High Priest, are slated for the sword, and their colleagues for killing, and the rest of the people for plunder, and great troubles are destined to befall the people.
Jerusalem was destroyed on account of Kamtza and bar Kamtza. This is as there was a certain man whose friend was named Kamtza and whose enemy was named bar Kamtza. He once made a large feast and said to his servant: Go bring me my friend Kamtza. The servant went and mistakenly brought him his enemy bar Kamtza. The man who was hosting the feast came and found bar Kamtza sitting at the feast. The host said to bar Kamtza. That man is the enemy [ba’al devava] of that man, that is, you are my enemy. What then do you want here? Arise and leave. Bar Kamtza said to him: Since I have already come, let me stay and I will give you money for whatever I eat and drink. Just do not embarrass me by sending me out.
The host said to him: No, you must leave. Bar Kamtza said to him: I will give you money for half of the feast; just do not send me away. The host said to him: No, you must leave. Bar Kamtza then said to him: I will give you money for the entire feast; just let me stay. The host said to him: No, you must leave. Finally, the host took bar Kamtza by his hand, stood him up, and took him out. After having been cast out from the feast, bar Kamtza said to himself: Since the Sages were sitting there and did not protest the actions of the host, although they saw how he humiliated me, learn from it that they were content with what he did. I will therefore go and inform [eikhul kurtza] against them to the king. He went and said to the emperor: The Jews have rebelled against you. The emperor said to him: Who says that this is the case? Bar Kamtza said to him: Go and test them; send them an offering to be brought in honor of the government, and see whether they will sacrifice it. The emperor went and sent with him a choice three-year-old calf. While bar Kamtza was coming with the calf to the Temple, he made a blemish on the calf’s upper lip. And some say he made the blemish on its eyelids, a place where according to us, i.e., halakha, it is a blemish, but according to them, gentile rules for their offerings, it is not a blemish. Therefore, when bar Kamtza brought the animal to the Temple, the priests would not sacrifice it on the altar since it was blemished, but they also could not explain this satisfactorily to the gentile authorities, who did not consider it to be blemished. The blemish notwithstanding, the Sages thought to sacrifice the animal as an offering due to the imperative to maintain peace with the government. Rabbi Zekharya ben Avkolas said to them: If the priests do that, people will say that blemished animals may be sacrificed as offerings on the altar. The Sages said: If we do not sacrifice it, then we must prevent bar Kamtza from reporting this to the emperor. The Sages thought to kill him so that he would not go and speak against them. Rabbi Zekharya said to them: If you kill him, people will say that one who makes a blemish on sacrificial animals is to be killed. As a result, they did nothing, bar Kamtza’s slander was accepted by the authorities, and consequently the war between the Jews and the Romans began. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: The excessive humility of Rabbi Zekharya ben Avkolas destroyed our Temple, burned our Sanctuary, and exiled us from our land.
THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS. 38.
But the hatred that John the son of Levi bore to me, grew now more violent, while he could not bear my prosperity with patience. So he proposed to himself by all means possible to make away with me. And built the walls of Gischala, which was the place of his nativity. He then sent his brother Simon, and Jonathan, the son of Sisenna, and about an hundred armed men to Jerusalem; to Simon, the son of Gamaliel; in order to persuade him to induce the commonalty of Jerusalem to take from me the government over the Galileans; and to give their suffrages for conferring that authority upon him. This Simon was of the city of Jerusalem, and of a very noble family; of the sect of the Pharisees; which are supposed to excel others in the accurate knowledge of the laws of their countrey. He was a man of great wisdom, and reason; and capable of restoring publick affairs by his prudence, when they were in an ill posture. He was also an old friend and companion of John’s: but at that time he had a difference with me. When therefore he had received such an exhortation, he persuaded the High Priests, Ananus, and Jesus, the son of Gamala, and some others of the same seditious faction, to cut me down, now I was growing so great; and not to overlook me while I was aggrandizing my self to the height of glory. And he said, that it would be for the advantage of the Galileans, if I were deprived of my government there. Ananus also and his friends desired them to make no delay about the matter; lest I should get the knowledge of what was doing too soon, and should come and make an assault upon the city with a great army. This was the counsel of Simon. But Ananus, the High Priest, demonstrated to them, that this was not an easy thing to be done: because many of the High Priests, and of the rulers of the people bore witness, that I had acted like an excellent general. And that it was the work of ill men, to accuse one against whom they have nothing to say
Eicha Rabbah 1:31
Vespasianus said to Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai: “Ask me for something and I will do it.” He said to him: “I want that you to abandon this city and to go away.” He said to him: “Did the sons of Rome make me king so that I would abandon this city? Ask me something [realistic], and I will do it!” He said to him: “I want you to leave the western gate which goes to Lod and everyone who goes out until the fourth hour will be spared.”
After some time, [Hadrian] put his mind to returning home. As he conquered [the city], he said to him: “Do you have any friends or relative that is close to you? Send and bring him out before the army will go up.
He send for Rabbi Eliezer and for Rabbi Joshua to bring out Rabbi Tsadoq. They went and found him at the city gate.
As he came, Rabbi Yochanan stood up before him. Vespasianus said to him: “Before this emaciated old man you stand?” He said to him: “By your life, if there had been one more like this one and an army twice the size would have been with you, you could not have conquered [the city].” He said to him: “What is his strength?
He said to him: “That he would eat one fig and teach on it one hundred peraqin.” He said to him: “Why is he so thin?” He said to him: “From the intensity of his abstinences and fasts.” [Vespasian] sent and brought physicians who fed him on small portions of food and doses of liquid until his body returned to him.
As it says: “Mighty in strength who fulfill His word, hearkening to the voice of His word” (Psalms 103:20). This is referring to one such as Rabbi Tzadok and his colleagues. To what is this referring? Rabbi Tzadok was enticed by a certain noblewoman to engage in sexual intercourse with her. He said to her: My heart is weak and I am incapable at present; is there something to eat that can strengthen me? She said to him: There is something non-kosher. He said to her: What difference is there? One who performs such an act eats such food as well. She lit the oven and placed the non-kosher food in it to roast. He climbed and sat in the oven. She said to him: What is the meaning of this? He said to her: One who performs this act falls into this, i.e., the fires of Gehenna. She said to him: If I had known that the matter was so serious for you, I would not have caused you such anguish.
(א) רבי יהושע אומר עין הרע ויצר הרע ושנאת הבריות מוציאין את האדם מן העולם. עין הרע כיצד מלמד שכשם שאדם רואה את ביתו של עצמו כך יהא רואה ביתו של חבירו. וכשם שאדם רוצה שלא להוציא שם רע על אשתו ובניו כך יהא אדם רוצה שלא להוציא שם רע על אשת חבירו ועל בניו של חבירו. ד״א עין הרע כיצד שלא תהא עינו של אדם צר במשנתו של חבירו. מעשה באחד שהיה עינו צרה במשנתו של חבירו נתקצרו חייו ונפטר והלך לו:
(ב) יצר הרע כיצד אמרו שלש עשרה שנה גדול יצר הרע מיצר טוב ממעי אמו של אדם היה גדל ובא עמו והתחיל מחלל שבתות אין ממחה בידו [הורג נפשות אין ממחה בידו הולך לדבר עבירה אין ממחה בידו] לאחר י״ג שנה נולד יצר טוב כיון שמחלל שבתות א״ל ריקה הרי הוא אומר (שמות ל״א:י״ד) מחלליה מות יומת. הורג נפשות א״ל ריקה הרי הוא אומר (בראשית ט׳:ו׳) שופך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך. הולך לדבר עבירה אומר לו ריקה הרי הוא אומר (ויקרא כ׳:י׳) מות יומת הנואף והנואפת. בזמן שאדם מחמם את עצמו והולך לדבר זימה כל אבריו נשמעין לו מפני שיצה״ר מלך הוא על מאתים וארבעים ושמונה אברים. כשהוא הולך לדבר מצוה התחילו מתענין (לו) כל אבריו מפני שיצר הרע שבמעיו מלך הוא על מאתים וארבעים ושמונה אברים שבאדם ויצר טוב אינו דומה אלא למי שהוא חבוש בבית האסורין שנאמר (קהלת ד׳:י״ד) [כי] מבית הסורים יצא למלוך זה יצר טוב וי״א זה יוסף הצדיק כשבאתה אותה רשעה היתה מענה אותו בדבריה אמרה לו אני אחבשך בבית האסורין אמר לה ה׳ מתיר אסורים אמרה לו אני אנקר את עיניך אמר לה ה׳ פוקח עורים אמרה לו אני אכפוף את קומתך אמר לה ה׳ זוקף כפופים (אמרה לו אני עושה אותך רשע אמר לה ה' אוהב צדיקים אמרה לו אני עושה אותך ארמאי אמר לה ה׳ שומר את גרים עד שאמר איך אעשה הרעה הגדולה הזאת) אל תתמה על יוסף הצדיק שהרי רבי צדוק היה גדול הדור כשנשבה נטלתו מטרוניתא אחת ושגרה לו שפחה אחת יפה כיון שראה אותה נתן עיניו בכותל שלא יראנה והיה יושב ושונה כל הלילה לשחרית הלכה והקבילה אצל גבירתה אמרה לה שוה לי המות משתתנני לאיש הזה שלחה וקראה לו ואמרה לו מפני מה לא עשית עם אשה זאת כדרך שיעשו בני אדם אמר לה ומה אעשה מכהונה גדולה אני ממשפחה גדולה אני אמרתי שמא אבא עליה והרביתי ממזרים כישראל כיון ששמעה דבריו צותה עליו ופטרתו בכבוד גדול. (א״ל) אל תתמה על רבי צדוק שהרי ר׳ עקיבא גדול ממנו כשהלך לארץ אוכילו קורצא אצל שלטון אחד ושגר לו שתי נשים יפות רחצום וסכום וקשטום ככלות חתנים והיו מתנפלות עליו כל הלילה זאת אומרת חזור אצלי וזאת אומרת חזור אצלי והיה יושב ביניהם ומרקק ולא פנה אליהן הלכו להן והקבילו פני השלטון ואמרו לו שוה לנו מות משתתננו לאיש הזה שלח וקרא לו א״ל מפני מה לא עשית עם הנשים הללו כדרך שבני אדם עושים לנשים לא יפות המה לא בנות אדם כמותך הן מי שברא אותך לא ברא אותם. אמר לו מה אעשה ריחן בא עלי מבשר נבלות וטרפות ושרצים. אל תתמה על ר׳ עקיבא שהרי ר״א הגדול גדול ממנו שגדל את בת אחותו י״ג שנה עמו במטה עד שבאו לה סימנים אמר לה צאי והתנשאי לאיש אמרה לו הלא אמתך (אנכי) לשפחה לרחוץ רגלי תלמידך אמר לה בתי כבר זקנתי צאי והתגשאי לבחור שכמותך אמרה לו לא כך אמרתי לפניך הלא אמתך לשפחה לרחוץ רגלי תלמידך כיון ששמע את דבריה נטל ממנה רשות לקדשה ובא עליה:
(ג) רבי ראובן בן אצטרובלי אומר היאך מתרחק אדם מיצר הרע שבמעיו לפי שטיפה ראשונה שאדם מטיל באשה הוא יצה״ר. ויצר הרע אינו שרוי אלא על מפתחי הלב שנאמר (בראשית ד׳:ז׳) לפתח חטאת רובץ א״ל לאדם בשעה שהתינוק מוטל בעריסה (האיש) מבקש להורגך הוא רוצה שיתלוש ממנו בשערו תינוק מוטל בעריסה הניח ידו ע״ג נחש או ע״ג עקרב ועקצתו לא גרם לו אלא יצר הרע שבמעיו הניח ידו ע״ג גחלים ונכוה לא גרם לו אלא יצה״ר שבמעיו (לפי שיצר הרע זורקתו בית ראש אבל) בא וראה בגדי או בטלה כיון שהוא רואה את הבאר הוא חוזר לאחוריו לפי שאין יצר הרע בבהמה . רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר אמשול לך משל למה (הדבר דומה) יצה״ר דומה לברזל שהטילוהו בתוך האור כל זמן שהוא בתוך האור עושין ממנו כל כלים שירצו אף כך יצה״ר אין לו תקנה אלא בדברי תורה ([שהוא כאש]) בלבד שנאמר (משלי כ״ה:כ״א-כ״ב) אם רעב שונאך האכילהו לחם ואם צמא השקהו מים כי גחלים אתה חותה על ראשו וה׳ ישלם לך אל תקרי ישלם לך אלא ישלים לך. רבי יהודה הנשיא אומר אמשול לך משל למה (הדבר דומה) יצר הרע דומה לשני בני אדם שנכנסו לפונדק אחד נתפס אחד מהם משום לסטות אמרו לו מי עמך יכול הוא שיאמר לא היה עמי חברי אלא אומר הואיל ואני נהרג יהרג חברי עמי אף כך אומר יצר הרע הואיל ואני אבוד לעוה״ב (אני) אאבד את (כל) הגוף. רבי שמעון בן יוחי אומר מכאן שאין ישראל רואים פני גיהנם לעולם משלו משל למה״ד למלך ב״ו שהיה לו שדה זבורית באו בני אדם והשכירוה בעשרת כורין חטים בשנה זבלוה עדרוה השקוה וכסחוה ולא הכניסו ממנה אלא כור אחד חטים בשנה אמר להם המלך מהו זה אמרו לו אדונינו המלך אתה יודע בשדה שנתת לנו שמתחלה לא הכנסת ממנה כלום ועכשיו שזבלנוה וכיסחנוה והשקינוה מים לא הכנסנו ממנה אלא כור אחד חטים בלבד. כך עתידים ישראל לומר לפני הקב״ה רבש״ע אתה יודע ביצר הרע שהוא מסית בנו שנא׳ (תהילים ק״ג:י״ד) כי הוא ידע יצרנו:
(ד) ושנאת הבריות כיצד מלמד שלא יכוין אדם לומר אהוב את החכמים ושנוא את התלמידים אהוב את התלמידים ושנוא את עמי הארץ [אלא אהוב את כולם] ושנוא את האפיקורסין והמסיתים ומדיחין וכן המסורות וכן דוד אמר (תהילים קל״ט:כ״א-כ״ב) משנאיך ה' אשנא ובתקוממיך אתקוטט תכלית שנאה שנאתים לאויבים היו לי הלא הוא אומר (ויקרא י״ט:י״ח) ואהבת לרעך כמוך אני ה׳ [מה טעם כי אני] בראתיו ואם עושה מעשה עמך אתה אוהבו ואם לאו אי אתה אוהבו. ר׳ שמעון בן אלעזר אומר בשעה של גדולה נאמר דבר זה ואהבת לרעך כמוך אני ה' בראתיו אם אתה אוהבו אני נאמן לשלם לך שכר טוב ואם לאו אני דיין לפרוע:
And do not be surprised at Joseph the Righteous. For behold, Rabbi Tzadok was the greatest of his generation when he was captured. And a matron took him and presented before him a beautiful maidservant. When he saw her, he turned his eyes to the wall so he would not see her. And he sat and recited his learning the whole night. In the morning, the maidservant left and complained to her mistress: I would rather die than be given to that man! The matron sent for him and said to him: Why didn’t you do with this woman as all people do? He said to her: What can I do? I come from the lineage of the high priest, from a great family! I said to myself, Perhaps I will sleep with her and increase mamzerim in Israel! When she heard this, she commanded he be released with great honor. (And they say:)
Do not be surprised at Rabbi Tzadok. For behold, Rabbi Akiva was greater than him! When he went to Rome, informers slandered him to a local prefect, who then presented before him two beautiful women. [The prefect] bathed and anointed them dressed them up like brides, and they fell upon [Rabbi Akiva] the whole night. This one said: Come to me! And that one said: Come to me! But he sat between them and spat, and would not turn to them. They went before the prefect and said to him: We would rather die than be given to that man! He sent for [Rabbi Akiva] and said to him: Why didn’t you do with those women as all people do with women? Weren’t they beautiful? And weren’t they human beings just like you? Didn’t the One who created you create them as well? [Rabbi Akiva] said: What could I do? Their scent was worse to me than carcasses and vermin!
BThere was an incident involving Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Tzadok, who were reclining at the wedding of Rabban Gamliel’s son. And Rabban Gamliel, who was Nasi of the Sanhedrin at the time, was standing over them and serving them drinks. He gave the cup to Rabbi Eliezer and he would not accept it; he gave it to Rabbi Yehoshua and he accepted it. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: What is this, Yehoshua? We sit and the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stands over us and serves us drinks? Rabbi Yehoshua said to him: We found one greater than him who served his guests, as our forefather Abraham was greater than him and he served his guests. Abraham was the greatest man of his generation and it is written about him: “And he stood over them under the tree, and they ate” (Genesis 18:8). And lest you say: His guests appeared to him as ministering angels, and that is why he honored them, in fact they appeared to him only as Arabs. And if so, should not the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stand over us and serve us drinks? Rabbi Tzadok said to them: For how long will you ignore the honor due to the Omnipresent, and deal with the honor of people? You could cite a proof from God Himself. After all, the Holy One, Blessed be He, makes the winds blow, and raises the clouds, and brings the rain, and causes the earth to sprout, and sets a table before each and every creature. And should not the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stand over us and serve us drinks?