Rabbi Akiva was the shepherd of ben Kalba Savua, one of the wealthy residents of Jerusalem. The daughter of Ben Kalba Savua saw that he was humble and refined. She said to him: If I betroth myself to you, will you go to the study hall to learn Torah? He said to her: Yes. She became betrothed to him privately and sent him off to study. Her father heard this and became angry. He removed her from his house and took a vow prohibiting her from benefiting from his property. Rabbi Akiva went and sat for twelve years in the study hall. When he came back to his house he brought twelve thousand students with him, and as he approached he heard an old man saying to his wife: For how long will you lead the life of a widow of a living man, living alone while your husband is in another place? She said to him: If he would listen to me, he would sit and study for another twelve years. When Rabbi Akiva heard this he said: I have permission to do this. He went back and sat for another twelve years in the study hall. When he came back he brought twenty-four thousand students with him. His wife heard and went out toward him to greet him. Her neighbors said: Borrow some clothes and wear them, as your current apparel is not appropriate to meet an important person. She said to them: “A righteous man understands the life of his beast” (Proverbs 12:10). When she came to him she fell on her face and kissed his feet. His attendants pushed her away as they did not know who she was, and he said to them: Leave her alone, as my Torah knowledge and yours is actually hers. In the meantime her father heard that a great man came to the town. He said: I will go to him. Maybe he will nullify my vow and I will be able to support my daughter. He came to him to ask about nullifying his vow, and Rabbi Akiva said to him: Did you vow thinking that this Akiva would become a great man? He said to him: If I had believed he would know even one chapter or even one halakha I would not have been so harsh. He said to him: I am he. Ben Kalba Savua fell on his face and kissed his feet and gave him half of his money. The Gemara relates: Rabbi Akiva’s daughter did the same thing for ben Azzai, who was also a simple person, and she caused him to learn Torah in a similar way, by betrothing herself to him and sending him off to study. This explains the folk saying that people say: The ewe follows the ewe; the daughter’s actions are the same as her mother’s.
(א) [יוסי בן יועזר אומר] יהי ביתך בית ועד לחכמים כיצד מלמד שיהיה ביתו של אדם מזומן לחכמים ותלמידים ותלמידי תלמידיהם כאדם שאומר לחבירו הריני משמר לך במקום פלוני. דבר אחר יהי ביתך בית ועד לחכמים כיצד בזמן שת״ח נכנס אצלך לומר לך [שנה לי] אם יש בידך לשנות שנה לו ואם לאו פטרהו מיד. ואל ישב לפניך לא על המטה ולא על הכסא ולא על ספסל אלא ישב לפניך על הארץ וכל דבר ודבר שיצא מפיך יקבלהו עליו באימה ביראה ברתת ובזיע:
(ב) והוי מתאבק בעפר רגליהם כיצד בזמן שת״ח נכנס לעיר אל תאמר איני צריך לו אלא לך אצלו ואל תשב עמו לא על גבי המטה ולא על הכסא ולא על הספסל אלא שב לפניו על הארץ וכל דבר שיצא מפיו קבלהו עליך באימה ביראה ברתת ובזיע כדרך שקבלו אבותינו מהר סיני באימה ביראה ברתת ובזיע. דבר אחר הוי מתאבק בעפר רגליהם זה רבי אליעזר ושותה בצמא את דבריהם זה רבי עקיבא. מה היה תחלתו של רבי עקיבא. אמרו בן ארבעים שנה היה ולא שנה כלום. פעם אחת היה עומד על פי הבאר אמר מי חקק אבן זו אמרו לא המים שתדיר [נופלים] עליה בכל יום אמרו [לו] עקיבא אי אתה קורא אבנים שחקו מים. מיד היה רבי עקיבא דן קל וחומר בעצמו מה רך פסל את הקשה דברי תורה שקשה כברזל על אחת כמה וכמה שיחקקו את לבי שהוא בשר ודם. מיד חזר ללמוד תורה. הלך הוא ובנו וישבו אצל מלמדי תינוקות א״ל רבי למדני תורה אחז רבי עקיבא בראש הלוח ובנו בראש הלוח כתב לו אלף בית ולמדה . (אלף תיו ולמדה תורת כהנים ולמדה). היה לומד והולך עד שלמד כל התורה כולה הלך וישב לפני רבי אליעזר ולפני ר׳ יהושע אמר להם רבותי פתחו לי טעם משנה כיון שאמר לו הלכה אחת הלך וישב לו בינו לבין עצמו אמר (אלף זו למה נכתבה בית זו למה נכתבה) דבר זה למה נאמר חזר ושאלן והעמידן בדברים. רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר אמשול לך משל למה הדבר דומה לסתת שהיה מסתת בהרים פעם אחת נטל קרדומו בידו והלך וישב על ההר והיה מכה ממנו צרורות דקות ובאו בני אדם ואמרו לו מה אתה עושה. אמר להם הרי אני עוקר ומטילו בתוך הירדן אמרו לו אי אתה יכול לעקור את כל ההר היה מסתת והולך עד שהגיע אצל סלע גדול נכנס תחתיו סתרו ועקרו והטילו אל הירדן ואמר לו אין זה מקומך אלא מקום זה. כך עשה להם רבי עקיבא לרבי אליעזר ורבי יהושע. אמר לו רבי טרפון עקיבא עליך הכתוב אומר (איוב כח) מבכי נהרות חבש ותעלומה יוציא אור דברים המסותרים מבני אדם הוציאם רבי עקיבא לאורה. בכל יום ויום היה מביא חבילה של עצים חציה מוכר ומתפרנס וחציה מתקשט בה עמדו עליו שכניו ואמרו לו עקיבא אבדתנו בעשן מכור אותן לנו וטול שמן בדמיהן ושנה לאור הנר אמר להם הרבה ספוקים אני מסתפק בהן אחד שאני שונה בהן ואחד שאני מתחמם כנגדן ואחד שאני יכול לישן [בהם] עתיד רבי עקיבא לחייב את כל העניים בדין שאם אומר להם מפני מה לא למדתם [והם אמרו מפני] שעניים היינו אומרים להם והלא רבי עקיבא עני ביתר ומדולדל היה [והם אמרו מפני טפינו אומרים להם והלא רבי עקיבא] היו לו בנים ובנות (אלא אומרים להם מפני) שזכתה רחל אשתו. בן מ׳ שנה הלך ללמוד תורה סוף שלש עשרה שנה לימד תורה ברבים אמרו לא נפטר מן העולם עד שהיו לו שולחנות של כסף ושל זהב ועד שעלה למטתו בסולמות של זהב. היתה אשתו יוצאה בקרדמין ובעיר של זהב אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי ביישתנו ממה שעשית לה אמר להם הרבה צער נצטערה עמי בתורה:
(ג) מה היה תחלתו של רבי אליעזר בן [הורקנוס. בן] עשרים ושתים שנה היה ולא למד תורה. פעם אחת [אמר אלך ואלמוד] תורה לפני רבן יוחנן בן זכאי אמר לו אביו הורקנוס אי אתה טועם עד שתחרוש מלא מענה השכים וחרש מלא מענה. אמרו אותו היום ערב שבת היה הלך וסעד אצל חמיו וי״א לא טעם כלום מו' שעות של ערב שבת עד שש שעות של מוצאי שבת כשהוא הולך בדרך ראה אבן שדימה ונטלה ונתנה לתוך פיו וי״א גללי הבקר היה הלך ולן באכסניא שלו הלך וישב לו לפני רבן יוחנן בן זכאי בירושלים עד שיצא ריח רע מפיו אמר לו רבי יוחנן בן זכאי אליעזר בני כלום סעדת היום שתק שוב א״ל ושתק. שלח וקרא לאכסניא שלו א״ל כלום סעד אליעזר אצלכם אמרו לו אמרנו שמא אצל רבי היה סועד אמר להם [אף אני] אמרתי שמא אצלכם היה סועד ביני וביניכם אבדנו את רבי אליעזר מן האמצע. א״ל כשם שיצא לך ריח רע מפיך כך יצא לך שם טוב בתורה שמע עליו הורקנוס אביו שהיה לומד תורה אצל רבן יוחנן בן זכאי אמר אלך (ואדיר) אליעזר בני מנכסי אמרו אותו היום רבן יוחנן בן זכאי יושב ודורש בירושלים וכל גדולי ישראל יושבין לפניו. שמע עליו שבא הושיב לו שומרין אמר להם אם בא לישב אל תניחוהו הוא בא לישב ולא הניחוהו. היה מדלג ועולה [והולך] עד שהגיע אצל בן ציצית הכסת ואצל נקדימון בן גוריון ואצל בן כלבא שבוע היה יושב ביניהם ומרתת. אמרו אותו היום נתן עיניו רבן יוחנן בן זכאי ברבי אליעזר ואמר לו פתח [ודרש] א״ל איני יכול לפתוח דחק עליו ודחקוהו התלמידים עמד ([ופתח]) ודרש בדברים שלא שמעתן אזן מעולם. כל דבר ודבר שיצא מפיו עמד רבן יוחנן בן זכאי ([על רגליו]) ונשקו על ראשו (ואמר לו ר׳ אליעזר רבי אמת למדתני). עד שלא הגיע [זמן] לצאת עמד הורקנוס אביו על רגליו ואמר רבותי אני לא באתי אלא להדיר אליעזר בני מנכסי עכשיו כל נכסי יהיו נתונין לאליעזר בני וכל אחיו פטורין [ואין להם בהן כלום]. ולמה נקרא שמו ציצית הכסת שהיה מוסב על מטה של כסף בראש כל גדולי ישראל. אמרו על בתו של נקדימון בן גוריון שהיתה מטתה מוצעת בשנים עשר אלפים דינרי זהב ודינר צורי של דינר זהב היה יוצא לה מע״ש לע״ש לציקי קדירה ושומרת יבם היתה. ולמה נקרא שמו נקדימון בן גוריון מפני שנקדה לו חמה בעבורו פעם אחת עלו ישראל לרגל לירושלים ולא היה להם מים לשתות הלך אצל שר אחד וא״ל הלויני שתים עשרה עינות מים מכאן ועד יום פלוני אם איני נותן לך שתים עשרה מעיינות מים אני נותן לך שתים עשרה ככר כסף וקבע לו זמן. כיון שהגיע זמן שלח לו שגר לי שתים עשרה מעיינות מים או שתים עשרה ככר כסף א״ל עדיין שהות ביום. לגלג עליו אותו השר ואמר כל השנה כולה לא ירדו גשמים ועכשיו ירדו גשמים. נכנס אותו השר לבית המרחץ שמח. ונקדימון בן גוריון לבית המדרש נתעטף ועמד בתפלה ואמר לפניו רבש״ע גלוי וידוע לפניך שלא לכבודי עשיתי ולא לכבוד בית אבא עשיתי אלא לכבודך עשיתי כדי שיהיה מים לעולי הרגל. מיד נתקשרו שמים בעבים וירדו גשמים עד שנתמלאו שתים עשרה מעיינות מים והותירו. שלח לאותו השר שגר לי דמי מים יתירים שיש לי בידך. א״ל כבר שקעה חמה ומים ברשותי ירדו. חזר ונכנס לבית המדרש ונתעטף ועמד בתפלה אמר לפניו רבש״ע עשה לי נס באחרונה כבראשונה. מיד נשבה הרוח ונתפזרו העבים וזרחה חמה. (ופגעו זה בזה וא״ל יודע אני שלא הרעיש הקב״ה את עולמו אלא בשבילך). ולמה נקרא שמו כלבא שבוע שכל הנכנס לביתו רעב ככלב היה יוצא מביתו שבע. וכשבא אספסיינוס קיסר להחריב את ירושלים בקשו קנאים לשרוף כל הטוב ההוא באש. אמר להם כלבא שבוע מפני מה אתם מחריבים את העיר הזאת ואתם מבקשים כל הטוב הזה לשרוף באש. המתינו לי עד שאכנס ואראה מה יש לי בתוך הבית. הלך ומצא שיש לו מזון עשרים ושתים שנה סעודה לכל אחד ואחד מירושלם. מיד צוה גדשו ובררו וטחנו ורקדו ולשו ואפו והתקין מזון כ"ב שנה לכל אחד ואחד מירושלים ולא השגיחו עליו. מה היו אנשי ירושלים עושין היו מביאין העגלים וגוררים אותם במגרים וטוחים אותם בטיט. ועוד עשו אנשי ירושלם שולקין את התבן ואוכלין אותם וכל אחד ואחד מישראל שרוי נגד חומותיה של ירושלים. אמר מי יתן לי חמש תמרים וארד ואטול חמשה ראשים. נתנו לו חמשה תמרים ירד ונטל חמשה ראשים מאנשי אספסיינוס. הציץ אספסיינוס בצואתן וראה שאין בהן מין דגן ואמר לחיילות שלו ומה אלו שאין אוכלין אלא תבן כך הורגין בהן אילו היו אוכלין כל מה שאתם אוכלין ושותין על אחת כמה וכמה שהיו הורגין אתכם:
What were the origins of Rabbi Akiva? They say that he was forty years old and had still not learned anything. Once, he was standing at the mouth of a well and he said: Who carved a hole in this stone? They said to him: It is from the water, which constantly [falls] on it, day after day. And they said: Akiva, don't you know this from the verse (Job 14:19), “Water erodes stones”? Rabbi Akiva immediately applied this, all the more so, to himself. He said: If something soft can carve something hard, then all the more so, the words of Torah, which are like steel, can engrave themselves on my heart, which is but flesh and blood. He immediately went to start studying Torah. He went with his son and they sat down by the schoolteachers. He said to one: Rabbi, teach me Torah! He then took hold of one end of the tablet, and his son took hold of the other end. The teacher wrote down aleph and beit for him, and he learned them (aleph to tav, and he learned them; the book of Leviticus, and he learned it). And he went on studying until he learned the whole Torah. Then he went and sat before Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua. My masters, he said, open up the sense of the Mishnah to me. When they told him one law, he went off and sat down to work it out for himself. (This aleph – what was it written for? That beit – what was it written for?) Why was this thing said? He kept coming back, and kept asking them, until he reduced his teachers to silence. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: I will give you a parable to tell you what this was like: Like a stonecutter who was hacking away at the mountains. One time he took his pickaxe in his hand, and went and sat on top of the mountain, and began to chip small stones away from it. Some people came by and asked him: What are you doing? He said to them: I am going to uproot the mountain and throw it into the Jordan! They said to him: You cannot uproot the entire mountain! But he kept hacking away, until he came to a big boulder. So he wedged himself underneath it, pried it loose, and threw it into the Jordan. And he said to it: Your place is not here, but there! This is what Rabbi Akiva did to Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Tarfon. Rabbi Tarfon said to him: Akiva, it is about you that the verse says (Job 28:11), “He stops up the streams so that hidden things may be brought to light.” For Rabbi Akiva has brought to light things which are kept hidden from human beings.
Every day, he would bring a bundle of sticks, half of which he would sell to support himself and half he would use for kindling. His neighbors came and said to him: Akiva, you are choking us with all this smoke. Sell it all to us instead, and then buy oil with the money, and study by the light of a candle. He said to them: But I take care of many of my needs with it. I study [by its light]. I warm myself [by its fire]. And then I can [make it into a bed and] sleep on it.
All the poor will one day be judged against Rabbi Akiva, for if one says to them: Why did you never study? [And they say: Because] we were poor! then we will say to them: But wasn’t Rabbi Akiva even poorer, completely impoverished? [And if they say: It is because of our babies, we will say: But didn’t Rabbi Akiva] have sons and daughters as well? (But they will say: It is because) he merited to have his wife Rachel [to help him].
He was forty years old when he went to study Torah, and after thirteen years, he was teaching Torah to the masses. It was said that he did not leave the world until he had tables full of silver and gold, and he could go up to his bed on golden ladders. His wife would go out in a fancy gown and with golden jewelry with an engraving of Jerusalem on it.1See Shabbat 59a. His students said: Rabbi, you are embarrassing us with what you have done for her. He said to them: She suffered greatly with me for the sake of Torah.
In connection to the above incident concerning the poverty of scholars and their potential to become wealthy through remarkable circumstances, the Gemara relates an incident: Rabbi Akiva became betrothed to the daughter of bar Kalba Savua. When bar Kalba Savua heard about their betrothal, he took a vow prohibiting her from eating all of his property. Despite this, she went ahead and married Rabbi Akiva. In the winter they would sleep in a storehouse of straw, and Rabbi Akiva would gather strands of straw from her hair. He said to her: If I had the means I would place on your head a Jerusalem of Gold, a type of crown. Elijah the prophet came and appeared to them as a regular person and started calling and knocking on the door. He said to them: Give me a bit of straw, as my wife gave birth and I do not have anything on which to lay her. Rabbi Akiva said to his wife: See this man, who does not even have straw. We should be happy with our lot, as we at least have straw to sleep on. She said to him: Go and be a student of Torah. He went and studied Torah for twelve years before Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua. At the completion of the twelve years, he was coming home when he heard from behind his house that one wicked person was saying to his wife: Your father behaved well toward you. He was right to disinherit you. One reason is that your husband is not similar to you, i.e., he is not suitable for you. And furthermore, he has left you in widowhood in his lifetime all these years. She said to him: If he listens to me, he should be there for another twelve years. Rabbi Akiva said: Since she has given me permission through this statement, I will go back and study more. He turned back and went to the study hall, and he was there for another twelve years. Eventually he came back accompanied by 24,000 pairs of students. Everyone went out to greet him, as he was by then a renowned teacher, and she too arose to go out to greet him. That wicked person said to her: And to where are you going? As she was excessively poor, she was not dressed in a grand manner, as fit for the wife of one so esteemed. She said to him: “A righteous man regards the life of his beast” (Proverbs 12:10); he knows that I am in this state as a result of my dedication to him. She came to present herself before Rabbi Akiva, but the Sages tried to fend her off, as they were unaware of her identity. He said to them: Leave her. Both my Torah knowledge and yours are hers. When bar Kalba Savua heard that the famous man was his son-in-law, he came before halakhic authorities and requested the dissolution of his vow, and it was dissolved. The Gemara adds: Rabbi Akiva became wealthy from six things. First, from the money he received from Kalba Savua after his vow was dissolved. Second, he gained money from the ram of a ship [eila disfineta], as craftsmen would fashion a sculpture of a type of sheep for every ship, which would be placed on its bow, and which would be used to conceal money. On one occasion, the sailors forgot this ram on the seashore, and Rabbi Akiva came and found it with the money stored inside. And third, he became wealthy from a log [gavza] of wood, as on one occasion he gave four dinars to sailors and said to them: Bring me something worthwhile. And they found only a log of wood on the seashore. They brought it to him and said to him: May our master wait with this until we bring a more worthy item. He found that the log was full of dinars, as on one occasion a ship sunk and all the merchandise, i.e., the money, owned by the people on the ship was placed in that log, and it was found on that occasion by the sailors. Rabbi Akiva became wealthy from a convoy of Ishmaelites [Serukita]. And he became wealthy from a certain lady. Rabbi Akiva borrowed money from a lady and said that God would be his guarantor. When it came time to return the loan, the king’s daughter became insane and threw a purse of jewelry into the sea, which was found by that lady. She told Rabbi Akiva that his guarantor had paid his debt and she allowed him to keep the loan. And Rabbi Akiva also grew wealthy from the wife of Turnus Rufus, who converted and gave him her money, and from Ketia bar Shalom, a Roman minister who bequeathed his fortune to him.
(א) ולנגדן היה ר' יהודה הנשיא מונה שבחן של חכמים של רבי טרפון של ר״ע ושל ר״א בן עזריה ושל ר' יוחנן בן נורי ושל ר׳ יוסי הגלילי. לרבי טרפון קרא לו גל אבנים וי״א גל של אגוזים כיון שנוטל אדם אחד מהן כולן מתקשקשין ובאין זה על זה כך היה ר' טרפון דומה בשעה שת״ח נכנס אצלו וא״ל שנה לי מביא לו מקרא ומשנה מדרש הלכות ואגדות כיון שיצא מלפניו היה יוצא מלא ברכה וטוב. לר׳ עקיבא קרא לו אוצר בלום למה רבי עקיבא דומה לפועל שנטל קופתו ויצא לחוץ מצא חטים מניח בה מצא שעורים מניח בה כוסמין מניח בה פולין מניח בה עדשים מניח בה כיון שנכנס לביתו מברר חטים בפני עצמן שעורים בפני עצמן כוסמין בפני עצמן פולין בפני עצמן עדשים בפני עצמן. כך עשה ר׳ עקיבא ועשה כל התורה טבעות טבעות. לר״א בן עזריה קרא לו קופה של רוכלים ולמה היה ר׳׳א דומה לרוכל שנטל קופתו ונכנס למדינה ובאו בני המדינה ואמרו לו שמן טוב יש עמך פלייטון יש עמך אפרסמון יש עמך ומוצאין הכל עמו כך היה ר״א בן עזריה בזמן שת״ח נכנס אצלו שאלו במקרא אומר לו במשנה אומר לו במדרש אומר לו בהלכות אומר לו בהגדות אומר לו כיון שיצא מלפניו הוא מלא טוב וברכה:
(ב) לעת זקנתו של ר׳ יהושע נכנסו תלמידיו לבקרו אמר להם בני מה חידוש לכם בבית המדרש אמרו לו תלמידיך אנו ומימך אנו שותים אמר להם ח״ו שאין דור יתום [של חכמים] שבת של מי היתה אמרו לו שבת של ר״א בן עזריה היתה. אמר להם ובמה היתה ההגדה היום אמרו בפרשת הקהל את העם האנשים והנשים והטף (דברים ל״א:י״ב) אמר להם ומה דרש בה אמרו לו כך דרש בה אנשים באים ללמוד ונשים לשמוע טף למה הם באים כדי לתת שכר טוב למביאיהם אמר להם מרגלית טובה היתה בידכם ובקשתם לאבדה ממני אלמלא (לא) באתם אלא לשמוע דבר זה די. אמרו לו ועוד דרש בה דברי חכמים כדרבונות וכמסמרות נטועים בעלי אסופות (קהלת י״ב:י״א) מה דרבן זה מכוון את הפרה לתלמיה כך דברי תורה מכוונין את האדם לדרכי חיים אי מה דרבן זה מטלטל אף דברי תורה מטלטלין ת״ל וכמסמרות נטועים מה נטועים אינן מתעקרין אף דברי תורה אינן מתעקרין בעלי אסופות אלו ת״ח שנכנסין ויושבין אסופות אסופות אלו אוסרין ואלו מתירין אלו מטמאין ואלו מטהרין אלו פוסלין ואלו מכשירין [שמא יאמר לך אדם] אשב ולא אשנה ת״ל נתנו מרועה אחד אל אחד בראם ופרנס אחד נתנם רבון כל המעשים אמרם אף אתה עשה אזנך כאפרכסת והכנס בהם דברי אוסרין ודברי מתירין דברי מטמאים ודברי מטהרין דברי פוסלין ודברי מכשירין
(ג) ולר׳ יוחנן בן נורי קרא לו קופה של הלכות. ולר' יוסי הגלילי מלקט יפה בלא גסות הרוח שאחז בה מדת חכמים (מהר סיני והיה משנן בה) כל חכמי ישראל:
(ד) איסי בן יהודה היה קורא לחכמים שמות. לר״מ חכם וסופר. לר׳ יהודה חכם לכשירצה. לר״א בן יעקב קב ונקי. לרבי יוסי נמוקו עמו. ולרבי יוחנן בן נורי קופה של הלכות. לרבי יוסי הגלילי מלקט יפה יפה בלא גסות הרוח. לר׳ שמעון בן גמליאל חנות מלא ארגון טב לר״ש שונה הרבה ומשכח קימעא. לאח״כ מצאו רבי שמעון לאיסי בן יהודה א״ל מפני מה אתה מפטפט דברי בפני ת״ח א"ל וכי אמרתי עליך אלא שאתה שונה הרבה ומשכח קימעא ומה שאתה משכח סובין של משנתך:
(1) Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi would praise the virtues of these sages: ...
He called Rabbi Akiva: a sealed vault. For Rabbi Akiva was like a worker who took his basket and went out to gather. When he found wheat, he put it in his basket. When he found barley, he put it in his basket. When he found spelt, he put it in his basket. When he found beans, he put them in his basket. When he found lentils, he put them in his basket. Then when he came back home, he would separate the wheat into one pile, the barley into one pile, the spelt into one pile, the beans into one pile, and the lentils into one pile. So it was with Rabbi Akiva. He organized the whole Torah into identifiable categories.
(ה) ... ר' עקיבא אומר: הרי הוא אומר שתה מים מבורך - בור, תחילתו אין יכול להוציא טפת מים מאליו. לא היה אלא מה שבתוכו! כך תלמיד חכם לא למד מתחילתו כל דבר, לא שנה אלא מה שלמד. ונוזלים מתוך בארך. מה באר מתמלאת מים חיים מכל צדדיה - כך באים תלמידים ולומדים הימנו. וכן הוא אומר (משלי ה) יפוצו מעיינותיך חוצה. נמשלו דברי תורה למים: מה מים חיים לעולם - אף דברי תורה חיים לעולם, שנא' (משלי ד׳:כ״ב) כי חיים הם למוצאיהם ולכל בשרו מרפא. ומה מעלים את הטמא מטומאתו - כך דברי תורה מעלים את האדם מדרך רעה לדרך טובה, שנא' תורת ה' תמימה משיבת נפש. ומה מים חנם לעולם - אף דברי תורה חנם לעולם, שנאמ' (ישעיה נה) הוי כל צמא לכו למים. ומה מים שאין להם דמים - אף דברי תורה אין להם דמים, שנאמר (משלי ג) יקרה היא מפנינים וכל חפצים לא ישוו בה.
(5) ... R. Akiva says: It is written: "Drink waters from your pit." A pit, in the beginning, is unable to supply a drop of water of its own, containing, as it does, only what is put into it. So, a Torah scholar, in the beginning, has learned and reviewed only what his teacher has taught him. (Ibid.) "and flowing waters from your well": Just as a well flows living waters from all of its sides, so, disciples come and learn from him (the "flowing" Torah scholar). And thus is it written (Ibid. 16) "Your fountains will spread abroad." Words of Torah are compared to water. Just as water is life for the world, so, words of Torah, as it is written (Ibid. 4:22) "For they are life to those who find them, and healing to all of his flesh." And just as water raises a man from his uncleanliness, so, words of Torah raise a man from uncleanliness to cleanliness, as it is written (Psalms 19:10) "The fear of the L-rd is pure." And just as water restores a man's soul, so, words of Torah restore a man's soul from the path of evil to that of good, viz. (Ibid. 8) "The Torah of the L-rd is whole, restoring the soul." And just as water is free for the world, so words of Torah are free for the world, viz. (Isaiah 55:1) "Ho! all who thirst, go to the waters!" — But perhaps, just as water has no value, so Torah has no value; it is, therefore, written (Proverbs 3:15) "It is more precious than pearls, and all of your desires cannot be compared to it."
(ב) .... אמר רבי עקיבא כל המגביה עצמו על דברי תורה למה הוא דומה לנבלה מושלכת בדרך כל עובר ושב מניח ידו על חוטמו ומתרחק ממנה והולך שנא (שם ל) אם נבלת בהתנשא ואם זמות יד לפה...
R' Akiva said any who lifts themselves up above the words of Torah is like a carcass tossed by the roadside, everyone passing by puts their hand over their nose, keeps their distance and hurried on, as it says "If you have been scandalously arrogant, if you have been a schemer, then clap your hand to your mouth." (Proverbs 30:32)
And this is the question that Turnus Rufus the wicked asked Rabbi Akiva: If your God loves the poor, for what reason does He not support them Himself? Rabbi Akiva said to him: He commands us to sustain the poor, so that through them and the charity we give them we will be saved from the judgment of Gehenna. Turnus Rufus said to Rabbi Akiva: On the contrary, it is this charity which condemns you, the Jewish people, to Gehenna because you give it. I will illustrate this to you with a parable. To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a king of flesh and blood who was angry with his slave and put him in prison and ordered that he should not be fed or given to drink. And one person went ahead and fed him and gave him to drink. If the king heard about this, would he not be angry with that person? And you, after all, are called slaves, as it is stated: “For the children of Israel are slaves to Me” (Leviticus 25:55). If God decreed that a certain person should be impoverished, one who gives him charity defies the will of God. Rabbi Akiva said to Turnus Rufus: I will illustrate the opposite to you with a different parable. To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a king of flesh and blood who was angry with his son and put him in prison and ordered that he should not be fed or given to drink. And one person went ahead and fed him and gave him to drink. If the king heard about this once his anger abated, would he not react by sending that person a gift? And we are called sons, as it is written: “You are sons of the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 14:1). Turnus Rufus said to him: You are called sons and you are called slaves. When you fulfill the will of the Omnipresent, you are called sons; when you do not fulfill the will of the Omnipresent, you are called slaves. And since now you do not fulfill the will of the Omnipresent, the parable that I offered is more apt. Rabbi Akiva said to him: The verse states: “Is it not to share your bread with the hungry, and that you shall bring the poor that are cast out to your house?” (Isaiah 58:7). When do we bring the poor that are cast out into our houses? Now, when we have to billet the Roman soldiers in our homes; and about that very time, the verse states: “Is it not to share your bread with the hungry?”
and so it was taught in a baraita in the name of Rabbi Akiva: One must always accustom oneself to say: Everything that God does, He does for the best. The Gemara relates: Like this incident, when Rabbi Akiva was walking along the road and came to a certain city, he inquired about lodging and they did not give him any. He said: Everything that God does, He does for the best. He went and slept in a field, and he had with him a rooster, a donkey and a candle. A gust of wind came and extinguished the candle; a cat came and ate the rooster; and a lion came and ate the donkey. He said: Everything that God does, He does for the best. That night, an army came and took the city into captivity. It turned out that Rabbi Akiva alone, who was not in the city and had no lit candle, noisy rooster or donkey to give away his location, was saved. He said to them: Didn’t I tell you? Everything that God does, He does for the best.
And Rav Huna said that Rav said in the name of Rabbi Meir: One’s words should always be few before the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Be not rash with your mouth and let not your heart be hasty to utter a word before God; for God is in heaven, and you upon earth. Therefore, let your words be few” (Ecclesiastes 5:1). Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Then the Lord God formed [vayyitzer] man” (Genesis 2:7), with a double yod? This double yod alludes to that fact that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created two inclinations; one a good inclination and one an evil inclination. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak strongly objects to this: If that is so, does an animal, with regard to whom vayyitzer is not written with a double yod, not have an inclination? Don’t we see that it causes damage and bites and kicks? Rather, interpret the double yod homiletically, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, as Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: This alludes to the difficulty of human life; woe unto me from my Creator [yotzri] and woe unto me from my inclination [yitzri]. If one opts to follow either his Creator or his inclination, woe unto him from the other. Alternatively, this duplication in the language of creation can be explained in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar, as Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, created two faces [du partzufin] on Adam the first man; he was created both male and female in a single body, as it is stated: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before” (Psalms 139:5); tzartani is derived from the word tzura [face]. God formed two faces on a single creation, back and front. It is stated: “And the tzela which the Lord, God, had taken from the man, He made a woman, and brought her unto the man” (Genesis 2:22). Rav and Shmuel disagree over the meaning of the word tzela: One said: It means face. Eve was originally one face or side of Adam. And one said: It means tail, which he explains to mean that the tzela was an appendage, i.e., one of the ribs in Adam’s chest. The Gemara analyzes this dispute: Granted, according to the one who said that tzela means face; that is why it is written: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before.” However, according to the one who said that tzela means tail, what is meant by the verse: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before”? The Gemara answers: It can be explained in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ami, as Rabbi Ami said: Behind means Adam was created at the end of the act of creation; and before means that he was first for punishment. The Gemara asks: Granted, Adam was behind, or last, in the act of creation, meaning that he was not created until the sixth day, Shabbat eve; however, before, or first, for punishment, to what punishment does this refer? If you say that he was first for punishment in the wake of the episode with the snake, wasn’t it taught in a baraita that, with regard to punishment, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: In conferring honor, one begins with the greatest; in cursing, one begins with the least significant. The Gemara explains: In conferring honor, one begins with the greatest, as it is written: “And Moses said unto Aaron, and Elazar and Itamar, his remaining sons: Take the meal-offering that remains” (Leviticus 10:12). Aaron, who was the greatest among those involved, is mentioned first. And in cursing, one begins with the least significant, as first the snake was cursed, then Eve was cursed, and ultimately Adam himself was cursed. The punishment did not begin with Adam. Rather, this refers to the punishment of the flood, as it is written: “And He blotted out every living substance which was upon the face of the ground, both man and cattle, creeping things and fowl of the heaven” (Genesis 7:23); the punishment began with man, then the animals, and ultimately all the other creatures. Returning to interpretation of vayyitzer, the Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was originally a face or side of Adam; that is why it is written vayyitzer, with a double yod, which allude to the two formations. However, according to the one who said that she was a tail, or appendage, of Adam, what is conveyed by spelling vayyitzer with a double yod? The Gemara responds: This is interpreted homiletically in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, as Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: This comes to emphasize that which a person says to himself in every circumstance: Woe unto me from my Creator and woe unto me from my inclination. Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a face, that is why it is written: “Male and female, He created them” (Genesis 5:2). However, according to the one who said that Eve was a tail, what is the meaning of the verse: “Male and female, He created them”? The Gemara answers: It can be explained in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Abbahu. As Rabbi Abbahu raised a contradiction between the verses: On the one hand it is written: “Male and female, He created them,” and on the other hand it is written: “For in the image of God He made man” (Genesis 9:6), indicating that man was created alone. How, then, does he resolve the contradiction? At first, the thought entered God’s mind to create two, and ultimately, only one was actually created. The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a face, that is why it is written: “And He took one of his sides and closed up the place with flesh in its place” (Genesis 2:21), as it was necessary to close the side that was open. However, according to the one who said that Eve was originally a tail, what is meant by the verse: “And closed up the place with flesh in its place”? Rabbi Yirmeya said, and some say Rav Zevid said, and some say Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: It was necessary to say that only with regard to the place of the incision. The Gemara challenges the other opinion: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a tail, that is why it is written: “And the Lord God built the tzela” (Genesis 2:22); it was a completely new building. However, according to the one who said that Eve was a complete face or side, what is the meaning of: “And He built”? What needed to be built? The Gemara responds: This must be interpreted homiletically, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya, as Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And the Lord God built the tzela”? This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, braided Eve’s hair, and then brought her to Adam, as in the coastal towns, they call braiding hair, building. Alternatively, the verse: And He built, could be understood as a description of her basic shape, as Rav Ḥisda said, and some say that it is taught in a baraita: This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, built Eve like the structure of a storehouse. Just as a storehouse is built narrow on top and wide on the bottom, in order to hold produce without collapsing; so too a woman is created narrow on top and wide on the bottom, in order to hold the fetus. With regard to the verse: “And brought her unto the man” (Genesis 2:22), Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, was Adam the first man’s best man. From here, the Torah taught that it is a desired mode of behavior for a greater individual to seek out a lesser individual to assist him and serve as his best man. The greater individual should help the lesser and should not feel badly about it, that it might be beneath his dignity. The Gemara asks: And according to the one who said that Eve was a face or side of Adam, which one of them walked in front? Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: It is reasonable to say that the man walked in front, as it is taught in a baraita: A man should not walk behind a woman on a path, as he will look at her constantly, even if it is his wife. If a woman happens upon him along a bridge, he should walk quickly in order to move her to his side so that she will not walk in front of him. And anyone who walks behind a woman in a river in order to see her exposed skin when she lifts her clothing as she passes through the water has no portion in the World-to-Come. The Sages taught: One who counts money for a woman from his hand to her hand in order to look upon her, even if he has accumulated Torah and good deeds like Moses our teacher, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, as it is stated: “Hand to hand, the evil man shall not go unpunished” (Proverbs 11:21); one who hands money from his hand to her hand, even if he received the Torah from God’s hand to his own, like Moses, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, which is called evil. Rav Naḥman said: From the following verse we know that Samson’s father, Manoah, was an ignoramus, as it is written: “And Manoah…went after his wife” (Judges 13:11). Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak strongly objects to this: If that is so that you understand the verse literally, what do you say about the verse with regard to Elkana, the father of the prophet Samuel, as it is written: “And Elkana walked after his wife,” and what of the verse with regard to the prophet Elisha, as it is written: “And he arose and followed her” (II Kings 4:30)? Does this verse mean that he literally walked after her? Rather, certainly this verse means that he followed her words and advice. Here, too, then the verse concerning Manoah may be similarly interpreted; he followed his wife’s words and followed her advice, and did not literally walk behind her. Rav Ashi said: And according to what Rav Naḥman said, that Manoah was an ignoramus; he did not even learn to read the basic Torah stories that even children learn in school, as it is stated: “Rebecca arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man” (Genesis 24:61); they followed him and did not walk before the man. On this topic, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is preferable to walk behind a lion and not behind a woman, and preferable to walk behind a woman and not behind idolatry, for then it will appear as if he is accompanying the idolatry. It is preferable to walk behind idolatry and not behind a synagogue when the congregation is praying, as he appears to separate himself from the community in that he does not wish to join them in prayer. This last halakha has numerous caveats: And we only said this in a case where he is not carrying something, and if he is carrying something, this does not apply, as everyone will understand why he did not enter the synagogue. And we only said this in a case where there is no other entrance to the synagogue, and if there is another entrance, this does not apply. And we only said this in a case where he is not riding a donkey, and if he is riding a donkey, this does not apply. And we only said this in a case where he is not donning phylacteries, but if he is donning phylacteries, this does not apply. Rav said: The evil inclination is like a fly and it sits between the two entrances of the heart, as it is stated: “Dead flies make the ointment of the perfumer fetid and putrid” (Ecclesiastes 10:1). And Shmuel said: The evil inclination is like a type of wheat, as it is stated: “Transgression [ḥatat] couches at the door” (Genesis 4:7); ḥatat is interpreted homiletically as related to ḥitta, wheat. The Sages taught in a baraita: A person has two kidneys; one advises him to do good and one advises him to do evil. And it stands to reason that the one advising him to do good is to his right and the one that advises him to do evil is to his left, as it is written: “A wise man’s understanding is at his right hand, but a fool’s understanding is at his left” (Ecclesiastes 10:2). Tangential to the subject of kidneys, the Gemara cites that which the Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the roles of various organs: The kidneys advise, the heart understands, the tongue shapes the sounds that emerges from the mouth, the mouth completes the shaping of the voice, the esophagus takes in and lets out all kinds of food, the trachea produces the voice,
Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: When Moses ascended on High, he found the Holy One, Blessed be He, sitting and tying crowns on the letters of the Torah. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, who is preventing You from giving the Torah without these additions? God said to him: There is a man who is destined to be born after several generations, and Akiva ben Yosef is his name; he is destined to derive from each and every thorn of these crowns mounds upon mounds of halakhot. It is for his sake that the crowns must be added to the letters of the Torah. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, show him to me. God said to him: Return behind you. Moses went and sat at the end of the eighth row in Rabbi Akiva’s study hall and did not understand what they were saying. Moses’ strength waned, as he thought his Torah knowledge was deficient. When Rabbi Akiva arrived at the discussion of one matter, his students said to him: My teacher, from where do you derive this? Rabbi Akiva said to them: It is a halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai. When Moses heard this, his mind was put at ease, as this too was part of the Torah that he was to receive. Moses returned and came before the Holy One, Blessed be He, and said before Him: Master of the Universe, You have a man as great as this and yet You still choose to give the Torah through me. Why? God said to him: Be silent; this intention arose before Me. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, You have shown me Rabbi Akiva’s Torah, now show me his reward. God said to him: Return to where you were. Moses went back and saw that they were weighing Rabbi Akiva’s flesh in a butcher shop [bemakkulin], as Rabbi Akiva was tortured to death by the Romans. Moses said before Him: Master of the Universe, this is Torah and this is its reward? God said to him: Be silent; this intention arose before Me.