Save "Instruments on Shabbat
"
Instruments on Shabbat
(א) מִזְמ֥וֹר שִׁ֗יר לְי֣וֹם הַשַּׁבָּֽת׃ (ב) ט֗וֹב לְהֹד֥וֹת לַיהוָ֑ה וּלְזַמֵּ֖ר לְשִׁמְךָ֣ עֶלְיֽוֹן׃ (ג) לְהַגִּ֣יד בַּבֹּ֣קֶר חַסְֽדֶּ֑ךָ וֶ֝אֱמֽוּנָתְךָ֗ בַּלֵּילֽוֹת׃ (ד) עֲ‍ֽלֵי־עָ֭שׂוֹר וַעֲלֵי־נָ֑בֶל עֲלֵ֖י הִגָּי֣וֹן בְּכִנּֽוֹר׃ (ה) כִּ֤י שִׂמַּחְתַּ֣נִי יְהוָ֣ה בְּפָעֳלֶ֑ךָ בְּֽמַעֲשֵׂ֖י יָדֶ֣יךָ אֲרַנֵּֽן׃ (ו) מַה־גָּדְל֣וּ מַעֲשֶׂ֣יךָ יְהוָ֑ה מְ֝אֹ֗ד עָמְק֥וּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽיךָ׃
(1) A psalm. A song; for the sabbath day. (2) It is good to praise the LORD, to sing hymns to Your name, O Most High, (3) To proclaim Your steadfast love at daybreak, Your faithfulness each night (4) With a ten-stringed harp, with voice and lyre together. (5) You have gladdened me by Your deeds, O LORD; I shout for joy at Your handiwork. (6) How great are Your works, O LORD, how very subtle Your designs!
(י) וּבְי֨וֹם שִׂמְחַתְכֶ֥ם וּֽבְמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֮ וּבְרָאשֵׁ֣י חָדְשֵׁיכֶם֒ וּתְקַעְתֶּ֣ם בַּחֲצֹֽצְרֹ֗ת עַ֚ל עֹלֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וְעַ֖ל זִבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵיכֶ֑ם וְהָי֨וּ לָכֶ֤ם לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (פ)
(10) And on your joyous occasions—your fixed festivals and new moon days—you shall sound the trumpets over your burnt offerings and your sacrifices of well-being. They shall be a reminder of you before your God: I, the LORD, am your God.
מַתְנִי׳ קוֹשְׁרִין נִימָא בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַּמְּדִינָה. וְאִם בַּתְּחִילָּה — כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר. גְּמָ׳ וּרְמִינְהוּ: נִימַת כִּנּוֹר שֶׁנִּפְסְקָה — לֹא הָיָה קוֹשְׁרָהּ אֶלָּא עוֹנְבָהּ! לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא — רַבָּנַן, וְהָא — רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר דְּאָמַר מַכְשִׁירֵי מִצְוָה דּוֹחִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, קוֹשְׁרָהּ. לְרַבָּנַן דְּאָמְרִי אֵין דּוֹחִין, עוֹנְבָהּ.
MISHNA: One may tie up on Shabbat a string [nima] that came loose from a harp used in the Temple, but not in the rest of the country. And tying the string to the harp for the first time is prohibited both here and there. GEMARA: And the Gemara raises a contradiction from a baraita: If a harp string broke, one would not tie it up with a knot, but fashion a bow. This teaching indicates that tying up a harp string is prohibited even in the Temple. The Gemara answers: It is not difficult; this baraita, which prohibits tying, was taught in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis; and that mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer. The Gemara clarifies this answer: According to Rabbi Eliezer, who said that the preparations that enable the performance of a mitzva override the prohibitions of Shabbat, one may tie even the broken harp string, as this is for the purpose of the mitzva of accompanying the Temple service with music. However, according to the Rabbis, who say that preparations for a mitzva do not override Shabbat prohibitions, one may only fashion a bow.

(א) יוֹם טוֹב שֶׁל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיוּ תוֹקְעִים, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. מְשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, שֶׁיְּהוּ תּוֹקְעִין בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיֶּשׁ בּוֹ בֵית דִּין. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, לֹא הִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי אֶלָּא בְיַבְנֶה בִּלְבָד. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֶחָד יַבְנֶה וְאֶחָד כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁיֶּשׁ בּוֹ בֵית דִּין:

(1) If Yom Tov of Rosh Hashanah fell on Shabbat, they would blow the shofar in the Temple but not in the country. After the destruction of the Temple, Rabban Yohanan ben Zakai decreed that it should be blown [on Shabbat] in every place where there was a court. Rabbi Eliezer said: Rabban Yohanan ben Zakai decreed for Yavneh only. They said to him: both Yavneh and any place where there is a court.

א"ר לעזר כל משמיעי קול אסורין בשבת . . . ר' אילא עני בסדרא סלק לביתא אשכחון דמיכין רבע ליה על סולמא בגין דלא מקשה על תרעא בשובתא ר' ירמיה הוה פשט עם בריה דרבי אימי אזל בעי מתערתא בקריצתא דשובתא שרי מיקש על תרעא א"ל אבא מאן שרא

Rabbi Leizer says that anything that makes noise on Shabbat is prohibited. . . . . [A story illustrates this point]

R. Ila remained late at the study session. He went home and found them all asleep, so he used a ladder [to enter] because he did not want to knock on the door on Shabbat. R. Jeremiah would study with the son of R. Imi. He went and wanted to wake him up at dawn on Shabbat. He began to knock on the door., but his father said to him, "who gave you permission to [knock on Shabbat].

אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: הַמְשַׁמֵּר פֵּירוֹתָיו מִפְּנֵי הָעוֹפוֹת, וּדְלֻעָיו מִפְּנֵי הַחַיָּה — מְשַׁמֵּר כְּדַרְכּוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִסְפֹּק וְלֹא יְטַפֵּחַ וְלֹא יְרַקֵּד כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהֵן עוֹשִׂין בַּחוֹל. מַאי טַעְמָא — לָאו דְּקָמוֹלֵיד קָלָא, וְכׇל אוֹלוֹדֵי קָלָא אֲסִיר? אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב: גְּזֵירָה שֶׁמָּא יִטּוֹל צְרוֹר.
Abaye raised another objection to Rabba from a baraita: One who is guarding his produce from birds or his gourds from beasts may guard them, in the manner that he typically does so, on Shabbat, as his guarding does not entail a prohibited labor, provided that he neither claps, nor slaps his hands against his body, nor dances and produces noise with his feet, in the manner that is performed on weekdays to chase away birds and animals. The Gemara asks: What is the reason that these activities are prohibited? Is it not because he is producing a sound on Shabbat, and any production of a sound is prohibited? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: This is not the reason. Rather, it is a decree issued by the Sages, lest while acting in his usual weekday fashion he mistakenly picks up a pebble to throw at the birds, thereby handling an object that is set-aside.
ת"ר החליל דוחה את השבת דברי ר' יוסי בר יהודה וחכ"א אף י"ט אינו דוחה אמר רב יוסף מחלוקת בשיר של קרבן דר' יוסי סבר עיקר שירה בכלי ועבודה היא ודוחה את השבת ורבנן סברי עיקר שירה בפה ולאו עבודה היא ואינה דוחה את השבת אבל שיר של שואבה דברי הכל שמחה היא ואינה דוחה את השבת
§ The Sages taught: The flute overrides Shabbat; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda. And the Rabbis say: It does not override even a Festival. Rav Yosef said: The dispute is with regard to the song that the Levites sang accompanying the daily offering. As Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda holds that the primary essence of song is the accompaniment by musical instruments, and consequently these instruments are a component of the Temple service and override Shabbat. The Rabbis hold that the primary essence of song is singing with the mouth, and consequently the instruments are not a component of the service; they merely accompany the singing on occasion and therefore they do not override Shabbat. However, with regard to the song of the Drawing of the Water, everyone agrees that it is rejoicing and not a component of the Temple service; therefore it does not override Shabbat.
וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבָּא בַּר רַב חָנָן לְאַבָּיֵי: תְּנַן לֹא מְסַפְּקִין, וְלֹא מְטַפְּחִין, וְלֹא מְרַקְּדִין בְּיוֹם טוֹב. וְקָא חָזֵינַן דְּעָבְדִין, וְלָא אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ וְלָא מִידֵּי! וּלְטַעְמָיךְ, הָא דְּאָמַר רַבָּא: לָא לִיתִּיב אִינִישׁ אַפּוּמָּא דְלֶחְיָיא, דִילְמָא מִיגַּנְדַּר לֵיהּ חֵפֶץ וְאָתֵי לְאֵיתוֹיֵי, וְהָא קָא חָזֵינַן נְשֵׁי דְּמַיְתְיָין חַצְבֵי וְיָתְבָן אַפּוּמָּא דִמְבוֹאָה, וְלָא אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ וְלָא מִידֵּי! אֶלָּא: הַנַּח לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, מוּטָב שֶׁיְּהוּ שׁוֹגְגִין וְאַל יְהוּ מְזִידִין.
And Rava bar Rav Ḥanan said to Abaye: Did we not learn in a mishna that one may not clap hands, or clap one’s hand against one’s body, or dance on a Festival? And we see, however, that people do these things, and we do not say anything to stop them. Abaye responded: And according to your reasoning, what about this halakha that Rava said: One may not sit on Shabbat at the entrance of a private alleyway next to the post, which delineates its boundaries, lest an object roll away into the public domain and he come to bring it back? And yet we see that women put down their jugs and sit at the entrance of the alleyway, and we do not say anything to stop them. Rather, in these matters we rely on a different principle: Leave the Jewish people alone, and do not rebuke them. It is better that they be unwitting in their halakhic violations and that they not be intentional sinners, for if they are told about these prohibitions they may not listen anyway.

אֵין מְסַפְּקִין וְלֹא מְרַקְּדִין וְאֵין מְטַפְּחִין בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן כְּלֵי שִׁיר. וּלְסַפֵּק כִּלְאַחַר יָד מֻתָּר.

We may not slap our thighs nor dance, and we may not clap on Shabbat, as a decree lest one fix a musical instrument. But it is permitted to clap using the back of your hands

ראיתי ג׳׳כ באותם התלמידים שהיו מקלים לזמר בלכי שיר ולהעיר מיתרי הכנורות ושאר מיני אמר בשבת בלא שום חשש אסור. ונפלאתי הרבה היאך הורגל דבר זה ביניהם והיו אומרים שלא מצינו אסור אלא בסיפוק וטפיח מפני שהם קולות עצוםים הא שאר כלי שיר מותר

HaMeiri, Magen Avot, 10

Once I saw the students of Ramban who were playing musical instruments on Shabbat. They played stringed instruments of all kind without hesitation that it was prohibited. I was amazed at this and asked them if they about this. They responded that the only prohibition was of clapping and dancing, because these are loud and disruptive sounds, whereas instruments are permitted because they're not disruptive

(ג) אין מטפחין להכות כף אל כף ולא מספקין להכות כף על ירך ולא מרקדין גזירה שמא יתקן כלי שיר ואפי' להכות באצבע על הקרקע או על הלוח או אחת כנגד אחת כדרך המשוררים או לקשקש באגוז לתינוק או לשחק בו בזוג כדי שישתוק כל זה וכיוצא בו אסור גזירה שמא יתקן כלי שיר ולספק כלאחר יד מותר: הגה והא דמספקין ומרקדין האידנא ולא מחינן בהו משום דמוטב שיהיו שוגגין וכו' וי"א דבזמן הזה הכל שרי דאין אנו בקיאין בעשיית כלי שיר וליכא למיגזר שמא יתקן כלי שיר דמלתא דלא שכיח הוא ואפשר שעל זה נהגו להקל בכל. (תוספות סוף פרק המביא כדי יין):

(3) We do not clap nor to we slap our hand to our thighs nor do we dance. This is a rabbinic decree lest one come to fix a musical instrument. It is even forbidden to tap one's fingers on the ground or the board or to each other as singers do, or to shake a nut for a child or to play with two nuts so that the child will be quiet. All of this and anything similar is forbidden, based on a rabbinic decree preventing the fixing of a musical instrument. Clapping using the back of the hand is allowed. Rem"a: Today people clap and dance and we do not stop them because it is better that they sin unintentionally . . . There are those who say that today, everything is permitted because we are not proficient in the fixing of instruments, so there is no reason to make decrees preventing the fixing of instruments, as this skill is not pervasive. It is possible that based on this, the practice has emerged to be lenient (Tosafot at the beginning of Perek HaMevi Kadei Yayin).