Was Moses's Wife a Cushite?

(1) Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman he had married: “He married a Cushite woman!” (2) They said, “Has the LORD spoken only through Moses? Has He not spoken through us as well?” The LORD heard it. (3) Now Moses was a very humble man, more so than any other man on earth.

ותדבר מרים ואהרן AND MIRIAM AND AARON SPAKE — She opened the conversation, therefore Scripture mentions her first. And whence did Miriam know that Moses had separated himself from his wife (for this was the statement she made; cf. Rashi below)? R. Nathan answered: “Miriam was beside Zipporah When it was told to Moses, ‘Eldad and Medad are prophesying in the camp’ (Numbers 11:27). When Zipporah heard this, she exclaimed, Woe to the wives of these if they have anything to do with prophecy, for they will separate from their wives just has my husband has separated from me!” It was from this that Miriam knew about it, and she told it to Aaron. Now what was the case with Miriam who had no intention to disparage him? She was punished thus severely! How much the more will this be so in the case of one who intentionally speaks in disparagement of this fellow”! (Sifrei Bamidbar 99).

Now va-tedabber is in the feminine. Thus our verse is to be rendered, And Miriam spoke, and Aaron. If both spoke, then our text should have read, va-yedabberu miriam ve-aharon. Hence he was also punished.Va-tedabber (spoke) is followed by a bet and has a negative connotation. It is similar to va-yedabber ha-am be-Elohim (And the people spoke against God) (Num. 21:5). The verb dabber (spoke) followed by a bet is also found with a positive connotation. It also appears in prophetic statements. Some say that Moses was king of Cush and took a Cushite woman. Onkelos renders Cushite, beautiful. According to Onkelos, Cushite is an honorific term. The Arabs similarly call pitch white. We too refer to a blind person by the term sege nahor (rich of light). But it is illogical to turn a positive name into a negative one. Some say that Cush the Benjaminite (Ps. 7:1) refers to Saul. They say the same with regard to Are ye not as the children of the Ethiopians (Khushiyyim) unto Me (Amos 9:7). I have already explained this.I believe that the Cushite woman is to be identified with Zipporah, for Zipporah was a Midianite. The Midianites are Ishmaelites and they live in tents. Scripture similarly writes: The curtains of the land of Midian do tremble (Hab. 3:7). Because of the sun they do not have any whiteness at all. Zipporah was black and was like a Cushite.

For he had married a Cushite woman: Since we did not find in another place that Moses took a Cushite woman, the verse tells you [here] that he definitely married a Cushite woman. But they did not speak about Zipporah not being from Israel, because that had then been out of his control; since he had been a fugitive and could not go go to Egypt among the Children of Israel.

[(Lev. 14:2:) THIS SHALL BE THE LAW OF THE LEPER. Whoever speaks slander concerning his fellow will have leprosy come upon him. From where have you learned it? From Miriam.] See what is written about Miriam (in Numb. 12:1): THEN MIRIAM AND AARON SPOKE AGAINST MOSES. Therefore (in vs. 10): THEN AARON TURNED UNTO MIRIAM, AND THERE WAS [MIRIAM] WITH LEPROSY LIKE THE SNOW. What is written elsewhere (in Deut. 24:9)? REMEMBER WHAT THE LORD YOUR GOD DID TO MIRIAM. And what did she say against Moses? She said: Moses took (natal) a wife but ceased (batel) from being fruitful and multiplying. What did the Holy One do to them? He appeared to them, and they needed an immersion. Thus it is stated (in Numb. 12:4): THEN THE LORD SUDDENLY SPOKE UNTO MOSES, UNTO AARON, AND UNTO MIRIAM. What is the meaning of SUDDENLY? That when he appeared unto them, they had need for water SUDDENLY. He spoke to them, and thus they had need for water. And I am speaking with you. Immediately Miriam became stricken with leprosy, as stated (in Numb. 12:10): AND THERE WAS [MIRIAM] WITH LEPROSY LIKE THE SNOW. Moreover, are not < these > words an argument a fortiori (qal wahomer)? For if Miriam had this happen, when she only spoke against her beloved brother when he was absent and was only intending to return him to his wife, how much the more so in the case of one who utters slander against his colleague? What is written above on the matter (in Deut. 24:8)? TAKE CARE WITH THE PLAGUE OF LEPROSY < TO WATCH DILIGENTLY AND DO ACCORDING TO ALL THAT THE PRIESTS AND LEVITES SHALL TEACH…. > So the hand of the Holy One also afflicted Aaron with it, when he was high priest. Thus it is stated (in Numb. 12:9): AND THE ANGER OF THE LORD WAS KINDLED AGAINST THEM, < i.e. > against Aaron and against Miriam. Aaron, however, was healed immediately; but Miriam, after seven days, as stated (in Numb. 12:15): SO MIRIAM WAS SHUT UP [OUTSIDE OF THE CAMP] FOR SEVEN DAYS. Ergo (in Lev. 14:2): THIS SHALL BE THE LAW OF THE LEPER (metsora'). The one who proclaims evil (motsi' ra') is the one who finds evil (motse' ra').

"And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married" (Num. 12:1). Was she then a Cushite woman? Was she not Zipporah? But just as this Cushite is different as regards his body from all other people, so was Zipporah different from all other women by her words and by her good deeds; therefore was she called a Cushite, as it is said, "For he had married a Cushite woman" (ibid.).

כי אשה כושית לקח, as reported in the biography of Moses (compare Yalkut Shimoni, edition by Heiman-Shiloni on Exodus page 34, glossary 18) According to that version, Moses ruled for 40 years as king over the land of Cush, took himself a woman as his queen but never slept with her, as reported there. Miriam and Aaron were never aware of the fact that Moses had not consummated that union. This is the plain meaning of our verse.
If, as some believe, Miriam and Aaron spoke about Moses and Tzipporah, what need was there for the Torah to describe Moses’ wife as אשה כושית when everyone is well aware that Moses married Tzipporah the daughter of Yitro who was a Midianite, not a Cushite. Tzipporah could not have been described as Cushite seeing that the Cushites are descended from Cham, and the Midianites are descendents of the sons of Keturah, Avraham’s concubine, who bore 6 sons for him one of them being Midian. [Rash’bam’s argument is tenuous, for if Keturah was the same person as Hagar, according to most commentators, seeing that Hagar was an Egyptian, a woman descended from her could be described as Cushite, seeing that Mitzrayim, Egypt, was a descendant of Cham, also. Ed.]

(7) To Me, O Israelites, you are Just like the Ethiopians —declares the LORD. True, I brought Israel up From the land of Egypt, But also the Philistines from Caphtor And the Arameans from Kir.