Shabbat, Kedusha, and Kiddush

(1) The heaven and the earth were finished, and all their array. (2) On the seventh day God finished the work that had been undertaken: [God] ceased on the seventh day from doing any of the work. (3) And God blessed the seventh day and declared it holy—having ceased on it from all the work of creation that God had done.

(11) ...Rebbi Elazar Bar Tzadok says, “My father used to pray a short prayer [of Shmoneh Esreh] on Shabbat nights: ‘And from your love Hashem our God that you love Your nation Israel, and from Your compassion, our King, that you had on the children of Your covenant, you have given us, Hashem our God, this great and holy Seventh day, with love.’” And over the cup [of Kiddush (sanctification)] he says, “Who has sanctified the day of Shabbat” and he does not seal off [the Beracha (blessing)].

(12) [If one must choose to] honor the day [of the Sabbath with food] or to honor the night, the honor of the day precedes the honor of the night. If he only has one cup [of wine, he should use it on the] Kiddush (sanctification) [of the night, since it] precedes the honor of the day and the honor of the night. [On] Shabbat nights and [on] Yom Tov nights: there is Kiddush on them over a cup [of wine], and there is also a mentioning of the day in Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals). [On] Shabbat [day], Rosh Chodesh (New Month), Chol Hamoed (the intermediate days of Sukkot and Pesach), and Yom Tov [day]: there is on them the mentioning of the day in Birkat Hamazon but there is no Kiddush on them over the cup [of wine].

(4) [When a person says Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals) on Friday night after interrupting the Friday afternoon meal,] they (i.e. the servants) pour for him the first cup [of wine] over which he says Birkat Hamazon [for the Friday afternoon meal], and mentions in [that] Birkat Hamazon [the paragraph] for Shabbat (i.e. Retzei Vehachlitzeinu (May it please You and give us rest)). On the second [cup of wine] he says Kiddush of the day (i.e. Friday night Kiddush).

dRabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin said: Rav prayed the Shabbat prayer on the eve of Shabbat before nightfall. Rabbi Yoshiya would pray the evening prayer of the conclusion of Shabbat on Shabbat. With regard to the fact that Rav prayed the Shabbat prayer on the eve of Shabbat before nightfall, the dilemma is raised: In those cases, did he recite kiddush over the cup of wine, or did he not recite kiddush over the cup of wine before the stars emerged? Come and hear a resolution to this, as Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said: One prays the Shabbat prayer on the eve of Shabbat before nightfall and recites kiddush over the cup of wine. And the halakha is in accordance with his ruling.

Rava bar Meḥasseya said that Rav Ḥama bar Gurya said that Rav said: One who gives a gift to another must inform him that he is giving it to him. As it is stated: “Only keep My Shabbatot for it is a sign between Me and you for your generations to know that I am God Who sanctifies you” (Exodus 31:13). When the Holy One, Blessed be He, gave Shabbat to Israel, He told Moses to inform them about it. That was also taught in a baraita: The verse states: “For I am God Who sanctifies you,” meaning that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: I have a good gift in My treasure house and Shabbat is its name, and I seek to give it to Israel. Go inform them about it.

Rava said, and some say it was Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi who said: Even an individual who prays on Shabbat evening must recite the passage: “And the heavens and the earth were finished [vaykhullu]” (Genesis 2:1–3), as Rav Hamnuna said: Anyone who prays on Shabbat evening and recites the passage of vaykhullu, the verse ascribed him credit as if he became a partner with the Holy One, Blessed be He, in the act of Creation. As it is stated: “And the heavens and the earth were finished [vaykhullu].” Do not read it as: Were finished [vaykhullu]; rather, as: They finished [vaykhallu]. It is considered as though the Holy One, Blessed be He, and the individual who says this become partners and completed the work together. Rabbi Elazar said: From where is it derived that speech is like action? As it is stated: “By the word of God the heavens were made, and all of their hosts by the breath of His mouth” (Psalms 33:6). Rav Ḥisda said that Mar Ukva said: One who prays on Shabbat evening and recites vaykhullu, the two ministering angels who accompany the person at all times place their hands on his head and say to him: “And your iniquity has passed, and your sin has been atoned” (Isaiah 6:7). It was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda says: Two ministering angels accompany a person on Shabbat evening from the synagogue to his home, one good angel and one evil angel. And when he reaches his home and finds a lamp burning and a table set and his bed made, the good angel says: May it be Your will that it shall be like this for another Shabbat. And the evil angel answers against his will: Amen. And if the person’s home is not prepared for Shabbat in that manner, the evil angel says: May it be Your will that it shall be so for another Shabbat, and the good angel answers against his will: Amen. Rabbi Elazar said: A person should always set his table on Shabbat eve with all the preparations for an important feast, even if he only needs the table set for an olive-bulk of food.

The Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “Remember the day of Shabbat to sanctify it” (Exodus 20:7): Remember it over wine, through the recitation of kiddush. I have only derived that there is a mitzva to recite kiddush during the day, as the verse is referring to the day of Shabbat. From where do I derive that one must also recite kiddush at night? The verse states: “Remember the day of Shabbat to sanctify it,” which indicates that one should also remember Shabbat as soon as it is sanctified. The Gemara expresses surprise at this last question: From where is it derived that one must recite kiddush at night? Is this the appropriate question? On the contrary, the essential mitzva of kiddush is to sanctify the day at night, as one must sanctify the beginning of the day, i.e., Friday night; there is no reason to sanctify Shabbat in the middle of the day, i.e., in the morning. And furthermore, the continuation of the baraita states: From where do we derive the obligation of kiddush at night? The verse states: “Remember the day of Shabbat.” The tanna is seeking a source for kiddush at night, and yet he cites a verse that is referring to the day. The Gemara answers that this is what the tanna is saying: “Remember the day of Shabbat to sanctify it” is a mitzva to remember it over wine when it begins. I have only derived the obligation to recite kiddush at night; from where do I derive that one must also recite kiddush during the day? The verse states: “Remember the day of Shabbat.” The emphasis of the word day indicates that one must recite kiddush again during the day. The Gemara asks: During the day, when one does not recite the same kiddush as at night, what blessing does one recite? Rav Yehuda said: Before the meal, one brings a cup of wine and simply recites the usual blessing over wine: Who creates the fruit of the vine. The Gemara relates that Rav Ashi happened to come to the city of Meḥoza. The Sages of Meḥoza said to him on Shabbat day: Will the Master recite for us the great kiddush? And they immediately brought him a cup of wine. Rav Ashi was unsure what they meant by the term great kiddush and wondered if the residents of Meḥoza included other matters in their kiddush. He thought: What is this great kiddush to which they refer? He said to himself: Since with regard to all the blessings that require a cup of wine, one first recites the blessing: Who creates the fruit of the vine, I will start with that blessing. He recited: Who creates the fruit of the vine, and lengthened it to see if they were expecting an additional blessing. He saw a particular elder bending over his cup and drinking, and he realized that this was the end of the great kiddush. He read the following verse about himself: “The wise man, his eyes are in his head” (Ecclesiastes 2:14), as he was alert enough to discern the expectations of the local residents.

"that I, the L rd, sanctify you": in the world to come, as with the sanctity of Sabbath in this world — whence we derive that the sanctity of Sabbath is of a kind with that of the world to come. And thus is it written (Psalms 92:1) "A psalm, a song for the day of Sabbath" — for the world which is all Sabbath.

(1) (Exodus 31:14) "for it is holy to you": We are hereby apprised that the Sabbath confers holiness upon Israel. "Why is that man's shop closed?" "Because he is a Sabbath observer." "Why is that man not working?" "Because he is a Sabbath observer." He testifies about Him who spoke and brought the world into being that He created His world in six days and rested on the seventh. And thus is it written (Isaiah 43:12) "And you are My witnesses, says the L rd, that I am the Almighty."

(1) It is a positive duty to express the sanctity of the Sabbath day in words, for it is written: "Remember to sanctify the Sabbath day" (Exodus 20:8); that is to say, remember it in terms of praise and sanctification. One should remember it at its beginning and its conclusion by reciting the Kiddush when the Sabbath begins and the Havdalah when it ends.

(2) And this is the text of the Sanctification (Kiddush) of the [Shabbat] day: Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, who sanctified us through His commandments and desired us and who has given us the Holy Shabbat in love and desire as an inheritance, a memorial for the acts of creation—first of all holy convocations, in memory of the Exodus from Egypt. For You have chosen us and sanctified us above all peoples, and You gave us in love and desire Your holy Shabbat as an inheritance. Blessed are You, Lord, who sanctifies the Shabbat.

(3) And this is the text of the Separation (Havdalah) [of the Shabbat day]: Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, who separates between the holy and the mundane, between light and darkness, between Israel and the [other] nations and between the seventh day and the six days of activity. Blessed are You, Lord, who separates between the holy and the mundane.

(4) The essence of Kiddush is in the evening. [But] if one did not make Kiddush in the evening—whether inadvertently or volitionally—he should make Kiddush at any point in the whole entire day. And if one did not make Havdalah at night, he should make Havdalah the next day or at any point before the end of Tuesday. However, he does not recite the blessing on fire except on the night of Shabbat's conclusion alone.

(5) One must not eat anything or drink wine once the Sabbath has arrived until he has recited the Kiddush benediction. Similarly, when the Sabbath has come to an end, one must not begin to eat or to drink, to do any work or even to taste anything at all, until he recites the Havdalah; one may, however, drink water.

(6) The sages ordained that both the Kiddush and the Havdalah should be recited over wine. Even though he has already said the Havdalah as part of the evening service, he must recite it again over a cup of wine. And after one separates [during the prayer] and says "between the holy and the mundane", it is permissible for him to do work—even though he has not made Havdalah over the cup (of wine). And [in Kiddush,] one first recites a blessing on the wine, and then recites Kiddush. And he may not wash his hands (to eat bread) until he makes Kiddush.

(7) How does he do [this]? He takes a cup that holds a reviit or more, rinses it on the inside, washes it on the outside and fills it with wine. He [then] holds it in his right hand and lifts it a handbreadth or more from the ground—and does not assist [his right hand] with his left hand. He recites the blessing, "on the vine," and then recites Kiddush. But it is a custom that has spread to all of Israel to read from the beginning of the section, "And He completed" (Genesis 2:1). And [only] then does he recite the blessing on the wine and recites Kiddush afterwards; he drinks [enough] to fill his cheek and gives all of the members of the group to drink. And afterwards he washes his hands, recites the blessing, "who brings forth [bread]" and eats.

(8) The Kiddush should be recited only where the meal is served. This means that a person is not to recite the Kiddush in one house and eat in another; but if he has recited the Kiddush in one corner of a room, he may eat in another corner. Why then is the Kiddush recited in the synagogue? For the benefit of transients who eat and drink there.

(9) If one desired bread more than wine or if he does not have wine, such a one may surely first wash his hands, recite the blessing, "who brings forth" and recite Kiddush. And afterwards, he cuts [the bread] and eats. But we may not make Havdalah on bread, but rather [only] over a cup.

(10) [In the case of] one who intended to make Kiddush on wine on Shabbat evenings but forgot and washed his hands before he made Kiddush—such a one should surely make Kiddush on bread, and he may not make Kiddush on wine after he has washed his hands for the meal. And it is a commandment to recite the blessing over wine on Shabbat day before one partakes of the second meal. And this is what is called, "the great Kiddush": He only recites the blessing, "who has created the fruit of the vine," drinks and then washes his hands and eats. And it is forbidden for a person to taste anything until he makes Kiddush. And also this Kiddush should only be in the location of an [impending] meal.

(11) One may make Kiddush over a cup on the eve of Shabbat while it is still day, even though Shabbat has not come in. And likewise may he make Havdalah over a cup while it is still day, even though it is still Shabbat. For the commandment of its mention is either to say it at the time of its entry and exit or a bit before that time.

(12) [In a case of] one who was eating on the eve of Shabbat, and the day became sanctified upon him (Shabbat began) while he was in the midst of his meal: He should spread a tablecloth over his table, make Kiddush, finish his meal and then recite the Grace After the Meal. [And if] he was eating on Shabbat, and Shabbat went out while he was in the midst of his meal, he should finish his meal, wash his hands and recite the Grace After the Meal over a cup, and then recite Havdalah over it. And if he was in the midst of drinking, he should stop, recite Havdalah and then return to his drinking.

(13) [If] he was eating and finished his eating with the entrance of Shabbat, he should recite the Grace After the Meal first (over a cup), and then recite Kiddush on a second cup. But he should not recite [the Grace] and make Kiddush on [the same] cup, as we do not do two commandments with one cup. For Kiddush and Grace After the Meal are two commandments from the Torah.

(14) We may only make Kiddush upon wine fit for libations on the altar. Hence, if honey or leaven was mixed [with the wine]—even if only a drop like mustard seed into a large barrel—we can not make Kiddush on it. That is how we instruct [people to act] in all of the West (Maghreb). But there are those that do permit making Kiddush on it, saying that what is said that the wine be fit for libation on the altar, is only to exclude wine that has a bad odor or was left uncovered or was cooked—as we may not make Kiddush upon any of those.

(15) We may not make Kiddush on wine the taste of which is the taste of vinegar—even though its smell is the smell of wine. And likewise do we not make Kiddush on sediments upon which one placed water—even though it has the taste of wine. To what are these words applicable? When he poured three [parts] of water upon the sediments and extracted less than four [parts] of wine. But if he extracted [at least] four, this is surely mixed wine—so he may make Kiddush on it.

(16) [Regarding] a vessel full of wine—even if it holds several reviit: If he drinks [even] a little from it, such a one surely renders it defective, so it is disqualified. [Hence] we do not make Kiddush upon the remnant, because it is like the leftovers of the cups.

(17) We do make Kiddush on wine the smell of which is the smell of vinegar but the taste of which is the taste of wine. And likewise mixed wine (see 29:4). And likewise do we make Kiddush on raisin wine—and that is when the raisins have moisture such that if one crushes them, their [juice] will come out. And likewise may we make Kiddush on new wine [fresh] from its press. And one may [even] squeeze a cluster of grapes and make Kiddush at that time. [In a case of] a city where most of its wine is beer—even though it is disqualified for Kiddush—it is permissible to make Havdalah on it, since it is a [common] drink of the city.

271:(1) 1. When he arrives at his home, he should hurry to eat the meal immediately.

(2) 2. Women are obligated in Kiddush, even though it is a positive commandment that time causes (meaning, a positive commandment dependent on time), because Remember is compared to Guard. And these women, since they are included in watching, they are include in remembering. And they can discharge men (from their obligation) since they are obligated biblically, like them.

(3) 3. If he has not the means (finances) at hand to purchase wine for Kiddush and to prepare the needs of the meal for both the meal at night, the meal on Shabbat day and Kiddush for Shabbat day, it is better to purchase wine for the night Kiddush rather than to purchase needs for meals or wine for Kiddush on Shabbat day. For as it is taught: "The honor of the day precedes the honor of the night, this is only with regards to other needs of the meal. However if he does not have more than one cup for Kiddush, then the honor of the night is prioritized over the honor of the day.

(4) 4. It is forbidden to taste anything before one makes Kiddush [at night], even water. And even if one began eating while it was still day, he needs to stop eating, spread out a tablecloth [to set up the meal] and make Kiddush. And if they were drinking wine first, they only need to say the Bracha of Kiddush and not a Bracha on the wine. Afterward they will make a Bracha on the bread. And if he does not have wine, he can make Kiddush on bread, he need not make a Bracha on bread [because he has already been part of a meal where bread was eaten]. There are those who say that even if he makes a Bracha on wine, he also need not make a Bracha on the bread.

(7) 7. Even though it is forbidden to taste before kiddush, if he does taste he still makes kiddush.

(8) 8. If one did not make Kiddush at night - whether it was unintentional or intentional, he must make up for it the next day. RAMA: And he should say all of the text of Kiddush of the night (Beis Yosef) except for "Vayechulu" (Orach Chayim in the name of Tosefos)

(13) 13. One must drink a cheekful from the Kiddush cup, i.e. if one moves all the wine to one side of their mouth and their cheek appears full, and this is the majority of a Revi'it.

(14) 14. If the one who makes kiddush does not taste the wine, and another person who is dining there tastes the wine with a mouthful, he has fulfilled his obligation. Two people cannot combine to equal a mouthful. In all cases it is preferable for the mitzvah if everyone tastes the wine. There are those who say that if everyone tastes a mouthful they have fulfilled their obligation, because everyone's drinking combines to equal the measurement. The Gaonim hold that if the person making kiddush does not taste the wine he has not fulfilled his obligation and it is appropriate to concern ourselves over their words. Specifically regarding kiddush; but regarding other things that require a cup the Gaonim acknowledge that it is sufficient for another to taste it.

(15) 15. If one makes kiddush and before he tastes it he pauses to talk, he must go back and say 'boreh pri hagafen' but is not required to go back and say kiddush. This is the law if the cup spills prior to tasting from it. One brings another cup and says 'boreh pri hagafen' over it and he does not have to go back and say kiddush.

272: (1) The Wine Over Which Kiddush Is Recited, 10 Seifim:

1. Wine with an unpleasant fragrance may not be used for Kiddush even though its smell and taste is like wine, nor on uncovered wine, in the present era, we are not careful about [eating or drinking food and beverages that] were left uncovered. RAMA: We do not make kiddush over wine who's fragrance is like wine but who's taste is like vinegar. (Tur)

(2) 2. [Unfermented] wine [directly] from the wine press may be used for Kiddush. [Indeed,] a person may squeeze a cluster of grapes and recite Kiddush over [its juice].

(5) 5. Undiluted wine, even if it is so strong that it is fit to be diluted to the extent that three parts of water are added to one part of wine may be used for Kiddush. Nevertheless, it is preferable to dilute it, provided it is blended in the appropriate manner. RAMA: Our wines are not so strong and they are preferably drunk without dilution. (Tur)

(6) 6. Kiddush may be recited over raisin wine (provided some moisture can be squeezed from them before they are steeped in water) (Tur).

(7) 7. Kiddush may be recited over wine made by steeping grape dregs and pits in water if it is fit to recite the blessing Borei pri hagafen over it (And see above Siman 204 Seif 5).