מתן על הפרק - יהושע י"ז-י"ח

בפרקים אלו ממשיך יהושע לקדם את ירושת הארץ הנשארת: הוא עומד מול טענותיהם של בני יוסף, גוער בשבטים המתרפים מלרשת את הארץ ומשלים את חלוקת הנחלות.

וַֽיִּקְרְא֥וּ בַסֵּ֛פֶר בְּתוֹרַ֥ת הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים - בקיאות

(1) And this is the portion that fell by lot to the tribe of Manasseh—for he was Joseph’s first-born. Since Machir, the first-born of Manasseh and the father of Gilead, was a valiant warrior, Gilead and Bashan were assigned to him. (2) And now assignments were made to the remaining Manassites, by their clans: the descendants of Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shechem, Hepher, and Shemida. Those were the male descendants of Manasseh son of Joseph, by their clans. (3) Now Zelophehad son of Hepher son of Gilead son of Machir son of Manasseh had no sons, but only daughters. The names of his daughters were Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. (4) They appeared before the priest Eleazar, Joshua son of Nun, and the chieftains, saying: “The LORD commanded Moses to grant us a portion among our male kinsmen.” So, in accordance with the LORD’s instructions, they were granted a portion among their father’s kinsmen. (5) Ten districts fell to Manasseh, apart from the lands of Gilead and Bashan, which are across the Jordan. (6) Manasseh’s daughters inherited a portion in these together with his sons, while the land of Gilead was assigned to the rest of Manasseh’s descendants. (7) The boundary of Manasseh ran from Asher to Michmethath, which lies near Shechem. The boundary continued to the right, toward the inhabitants of En-tappuah.— (8) The region of Tappuah belonged to Manasseh; but Tappuah, on the border of Manasseh, belonged to the Ephraimites.— (9) Then the boundary descended to the Wadi Kanah. Those towns to the south of the wadi belonged to Ephraim as an enclave among the towns of Manasseh. The boundary of Manasseh lay north of the wadi and ran on to the Sea. (10) What lay to the south belonged to Ephraim, and what lay to the north belonged to Manasseh, with the Sea as its boundary. [This territory] was contiguous with Asher on the north and with Issachar on the east. (11) Within Issachar and Asher, Manasseh possessed Beth-shean and its dependencies, Ibleam and its dependencies, the inhabitants of Dor and its dependencies, the inhabitants of En-dor and its dependencies, the inhabitants of Taanach and its dependencies, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and its dependencies: these constituted three regions.-b
(12) The Manassites could not dispossess [the inhabitants of] these towns, and the Canaanites stubbornly remained in this region. (13) When the Israelites became stronger, they imposed tribute on the Canaanites; but they did not dispossess them. (14) The Josephites complained to Joshua, saying, “Why have you assigned as our portion a single allotment and a single district, seeing that we are a numerous people whom the LORD has blessed so greatly?” (15) “If you are a numerous people,” Joshua answered them, “go up to the forest country and clear an area for yourselves there, in the territory of the Perizzites and the Rephaim, seeing that you are cramped in the hill country of Ephraim.” (16) “The hill country is not enough for us,” the Josephites replied, “and all the Canaanites who live in the valley area have iron chariots, both those in Beth-shean and its dependencies and those in the Valley of Jezreel.” (17) But Joshua declared to the House of Joseph, to Ephraim and Manasseh, “You are indeed a numerous people, possessed of great strength; you shall not have one allotment only. (18) The hill country shall be yours as well; true, it is forest land, but you will clear it and possess it to its farthest limits. And you shall also dispossess the Canaanites, even though they have iron chariots and even though they are strong.”

1.
בפרקים ט"ז י"ז מתוארות נחלות בני יוסף: אפרים (ט"ז, ה׳-י׳) ומנשה (י"ז, א׳-י"ג). עקבו אחר גבולות נחלת שבטי יוסף, וסמנו את גבולות הגזרה של הנחלה. כיצד מבטא סדר הרשימות את התגשמות ברכת יעקב לבני יוסף (בראשית מ"ח, ח׳-כ׳).

2.
בני יוסף מתלוננים על מצוקת מקום למרות השטח הרחב שהוקצה להם. בדקו בפרק מהן הבעיות השונות בהן נתקלו בני יוסף כאשר ניסו לכבוש את נחלתם.
3.
מעשה בנות צלפחד מפורט בפסוקים ג׳-ו׳, וחוזר על הסיפור הידוע לנו (במדבר כ"ז א׳- י"א; ל"ו א׳-י"ג) השוו את הסיפורים ובדקו במה תורמת החזרה להבנת מעשה בנות צלפחד?

(1) The whole community of the Israelite people assembled at Shiloh, and set up the Tent of Meeting there. The land was now under their control; (2) but there remained seven tribes of the Israelites which had not yet received their portions. (3) So Joshua said to the Israelites, “How long will you be slack about going and taking possession of the land which the LORD, the God of your fathers, has assigned to you? (4) Appoint three men of each tribe; I will send them out to go through the country and write down a description of it for purposes of apportionment, and then come back to me. (5) They shall divide it into seven parts—Judah shall remain by its territory in the south, and the house of Joseph shall remain by its territory in the north.— (6) When you have written down the description of the land in seven parts, bring it here to me. Then I will cast lots for you here before the LORD our God. (7) For the Levites have no share among you, since the priesthood of the LORD is their portion; and Gad and Reuben and the half-tribe of Manasseh have received the portions which were assigned to them by Moses the servant of the LORD, on the eastern side of the Jordan.” (8) The men set out on their journeys. Joshua ordered the men who were leaving to write down a description of the land—“Go, traverse the country and write down a description of it. Then return to me, and I will cast lots for you here at Shiloh before the LORD.” (9) So the men went and traversed the land; they described it in a document, town by town, in seven parts, and they returned to Joshua in the camp at Shiloh. (10) Joshua cast lots for them at Shiloh before the LORD, and there Joshua apportioned the land among the Israelites according to their divisions. (11) The lot of the tribe of the Benjaminites, by their clans, came out first. The territory which fell to their lot lay between the Judites and the Josephites. (12) The boundary on their northern rim began at the Jordan; the boundary ascended to the northern flank of Jericho, ascended westward into the hill country and ran on to the Wilderness of Beth-aven. (13) From there the boundary passed on southward to Luz, to the flank of Luz—that is, Bethel; then the boundary descended to Atroth-addar [and] to the hill south of Lower Beth-horon. (14) The boundary now turned and curved onto the western rim; and the boundary ran southward from the hill on the south side of Beth-horon till it ended at Kiriath-baal—that is, Kiriath-jearim—a town of the Judites. That was the western rim. (15) The southern rim: From the outskirts of Kiriath-jearim, the boundary passed westward and ran on to the fountain of the Waters of Nephtoah. (16) Then the boundary descended to the foot of the hill by the Valley of Ben-hinnom at the northern end of the Valley of Rephaim; then it ran down the Valley of Hinnom along the southern flank of the Jebusites to En-rogel. (17) Curving northward, it ran on to En-shemesh and ran on to Geliloth, facing the Ascent of Adummim, and descended to the Stone of Bohan son of Reuben. (18) It continued northward to the edge of the Arabah and descended into the Arabah. (19) The boundary passed on to the northern flank of Beth-hoglah, and the boundary ended at the northern tongue of the Dead Sea, at the southern end of the Jordan. That was the southern boundary. (20) On their eastern rim, finally, the Jordan was their boundary. That was the portion of the Benjaminites, by their clans, according to its boundaries on all sides. (21) And the towns of the tribe of the Benjaminites, by its clans, were: Jericho, Beth-hoglah, Emek-keziz, (22) Beth-arabah, Zemaraim, Bethel, (23) Avvim, Parah, Ophrah, (24) Chephar-ammonah, Ophni, and Geba—12 towns, with their villages. (25) Also Gibeon, Ramah, Beeroth, (26) Mizpeh, Chephirah, Mozah, (27) Rekem, Irpeel, Taralah, (28) Zela, Eleph, and Jebus—that is, Jerusalem—Gibeath [and] Kiriath: 14 towns, with their villages. That was the portion of the Benjaminites, by their clans.

4.
בפרק י"ג ז׳-ח׳ מחלק יהושע את הארץ לתשעה וחצי שבטים. בפרקנו מסופר על חלוקה נוספת של הארץ, לשבעה שבטים. עיינו ביהושע י"ד ו׳-י"ד; י"ז י"ד-י"ח; י"ח, ג׳-ד׳; מה פשר הכפילות? מה מאפיין את השבטים שהצליחו לרשת את הארץ ומה עיכב את השבטים האחרים?
עינו גם בפירוש האברבנאל לפסוק ג׳ המצוטט להלן, מהי המציאות המתוארת בפרק לפי דעתו?
"ולפי שנשארו שבעה שבטים שלא חלקו נחלתם, אמר אליהם יהושע: "עד אנה אתם מתרפים לבא לרשת את הארץ" וגו׳. והיה ראוי שיאמר לבוא לחלק את הארץ, אבל הייתה כוונתו שישראל היו דוחים חילוק הארץ ובלתי חפצים בחלוקה, כדי שלא תישאר חובה על כל שבט ושבט ללחום עם האויבים אשר בתוך גבולו. וכדי שיעזרו אלו לאלו, וכדי שלא יקח כל אחד אותו העמל על עצמו, היו דוחים עניין החלוקה. ומפני זה התרעם יהושע נגדם, וביאר הסיבה למה היו עושים כן והוא אמרו: "עד אנה אתם מתרפים לבוא לרשת את הארץ", כי לבעבור שלא ילחמו לא היו מחלקים את הארץ." (אברבנאל יהושע י"ח)
5.
עקבו אחר גבולות נחלת שבט בנימין. שימו לב לערים בגבול הדרומי של הנחלה, באיזו רשימה נוספת מופיעות ערים אלו?

מְפֹרָ֑שׁ וְשׂ֣וֹם שֶׂ֔כֶל - עיון

6.
עיינו בפרק י"ח, כ"ח ובפרק ט"ו, ס"ג ובבריתא המצוטטת להלן. מהו הערך העולה מן הכתובים?
מסכתות קטנות מסכת אבות דרבי נתן נוסחא א׳ פרק ל"ה:
כתוב אחד אומר "כִּי אִם בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר ה׳ בְּאַחַד שְׁבָטֶיךָ שָׁם תַּעֲלֶה עֹלֹתֶיךָ וְשָׁם תַּעֲשֶׂה כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּךָּ" (דברים י"ב, י"ד). וכתוב אחד אומר "כִּי אִם אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵיכֶם לָשׂוּם אֶת שְׁמוֹ שָׁם לְשִׁכְנוֹ תִדְרְשׁוּ וּבָאתָ שָׁמָּה" (שם שם ה׳). "באחד שבטיך" זו שבט יהודה ובנימין. "מכל שבטיכם" זו ירושלים שכל ישראל שותפין בה. מה היה בחלקו של יהודה? הר הבית והלשכות והעזרות. ומה היה בחלקו של בנימין? ההיכל והאולם ובית קדשי הקדשים וכראש תור היה יוצא ונכנס והיה חוזר לאחוריו ועליו מזבח בנוי זכה בנימין ונעשה אושפזיכנא לגבורה שנאמר "ובין כתפיו שכן" (שם ל"ג, י"ב).

וַיָּבִ֖ינוּ בַּמִּקְרָֽא - הרחבה

"וַתִּקְרַ֡בְנָה לִפְנֵי֩ אֶלְעָזָ֨ר הַכֹּהֵ֜ן וְלִפְנֵ֣י ׀ יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן־נ֗וּן וְלִפְנֵ֤י הַנְּשִׂיאִים֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר יְהֹוָה֙ צִוָּ֣ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֔ה לָתֶת־לָ֥נוּ נַחֲלָ֖ה בְּת֣וֹךְ אַחֵ֑ינוּ וַיִּתֵּ֨ן לָהֶ֜ם אֶל־פִּ֤י יְהֹוָה֙ נַחֲלָ֔ה בְּת֖וֹךְ אֲחֵ֥י אֲבִיהֶֽן" (יהושע י"ז, ד׳)
"שלח לך אנשים" ... לכך פרט אנשים לפי שאמרו ז"ל האנשים היו שונאים את הארץ ואמרו "נתנה ראש ונשובה מצרימה" והנשים היו המחבבות את הארץ כי לא יספרו בגנותה. אבל "לך", לדעתך, שאתה סבור שכשרים המה ואתה סבור שהארץ חביבה עליהם תשלח אנשים וזהו "שלך לך", לדעתך, אנשים, אבל לדעתי היה יותר טוב לשלוח נשים כאמור" (כלי יקר, במדבר י"ג, א׳)