מתן על הפרק - יהושע כ"ג-כ"ד

Bydavid weinberger

מתן על הפרק

ספר יהושע מסתיים בשני נאומים של יהושע בן נון הנפרד מעמו. מותו של יהושע חותם תקופה הרואית של כניסה, כיבוש והתנחלות.

וַֽיִּקְרְא֥וּ בַסֵּ֛פֶר בְּתוֹרַ֥ת הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים - בקיאות

יהושע כ״ג

Joshua 23

(1) Much later, after the LORD had given Israel rest from all the enemies around them, and when Joshua was old and well advanced in years, (2) Joshua summoned all Israel, their elders and commanders, their magistrates and officials, and said to them: “I have grown old and am advanced in years. (3) You have seen all that the LORD your God has done to all those nations on your account, for it was the LORD your God who fought for you. (4) See, I have allotted to you, by your tribes, [the territory of] these nations that still remain, and that of all the nations that I have destroyed, from the Jordan to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. (5) The LORD your God Himself will thrust them out on your account and drive them out to make way for you, and you shall possess their land as the LORD your God promised you. (6) “But be most resolute to observe faithfully all that is written in the Book of the Teaching of Moses, without ever deviating from it to the right or to the left, (7) and without intermingling with these nations that are left among you. Do not utter the names of their gods or swear by them; do not serve them or bow down to them. (8) But hold fast to the LORD your God as you have done to this day. (9) “The LORD has driven out great, powerful nations on your account, and not a man has withstood you to this day. (10) A single man of you would put a thousand to flight, for the LORD your God Himself has been fighting for you, as He promised you. (11) For your own sakes, therefore, be most mindful to love the LORD your God. (12) For should you turn away and attach yourselves to the remnant of those nations—to those that are left among you—and intermarry with them, you joining them and they joining you, (13) know for certain that the LORD your God will not continue to drive these nations out before you; they shall become a snare and a trap for you, a scourge to your sides and thorns in your eyes, until you perish from this good land that the LORD your God has given you. (14) “I am now going the way of all the earth. Acknowledge with all your heart and soul that not one of the good things that the LORD your God promised you has failed to happen; they have all come true for you, not a single one has failed. (15) But just as every good thing that the LORD your God promised you has been fulfilled for you, so the LORD can bring upon you every evil thing until He has wiped you off this good land that the LORD your God has given you. (16) If you break the covenant that the LORD your God enjoined upon you, and go and serve other gods and bow down to them, then the LORD’s anger will burn against you, and you shall quickly perish from the good land that He has given you.”

1.
בפרקים כג-כד מופיעים שני נאומים המסכמים את ספר יהושע. עיינו כג,ב; כד,א-ב. למי מופנה כל אחד מן הנאומים וכיצד תוכנו של כל נאום מותאם לקהל היעד שלו?
2.
עמדו על הזיקות המלוליות והתכניות בין נאום יהושע בפרק כג לדבריו של משה בספר דברים ו,א-טו. כיצד ההשוואה תורמת להבנת מלאה יותר של דברי יהושע.
3.
השורש דב"ק מופיע פעמיים בפרק (בפסוקים ח,יב). כיצד השימוש במילה בשני ההקשרים מבטא את אתגר הישיבה בארץ?

יהושע כ״ד

Joshua 24

(1) Joshua assembled all the tribes of Israel at Shechem. He summoned Israel’s elders and commanders, magistrates and officers; and they presented themselves before God. (2) Then Joshua said to all the people, “Thus said the LORD, the God of Israel: In olden times, your forefathers—Terah, father of Abraham and father of Nahor—lived beyond the Euphrates and worshiped other gods. (3) But I took your father Abraham from beyond the Euphrates and led him through the whole land of Canaan and multiplied his offspring. I gave him Isaac, (4) and to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. I gave Esau the hill country of Seir as his possession, while Jacob and his children went down to Egypt. (5) “Then I sent Moses and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt with [the wonders] that I wrought in their midst, after which I freed you— (6) I freed your fathers—from Egypt, and you came to the Sea. But the Egyptians pursued your fathers to the Sea of Reeds with chariots and horsemen. (7) They cried out to the LORD, and He put darkness between you and the Egyptians; then He brought the Sea upon them, and it covered them. Your own eyes saw what I did to the Egyptians.
“After you had lived a long time in the wilderness, (8) I brought you to the land of the Amorites who lived beyond the Jordan. They gave battle to you, but I delivered them into your hands; I annihilated them for you, and you took possession of their land. (9) Thereupon Balak son of Zippor, the king of Moab, made ready to attack Israel. He sent for Balaam son of Beor to curse you, (10) but I refused to listen to Balaam; he had to bless you, and thus I saved you from him. (11) “Then you crossed the Jordan and you came to Jericho. The citizens of Jericho and the Amorites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hittites, Girgashites, Hivites, and Jebusites fought you, but I delivered them into your hands. (12) I sent a plague ahead of you, and it drove them out before you—[just like] the two Amorite kings—not by your sword or by your bow. (13) I have given you a land for which you did not labor and towns which you did not build, and you have settled in them; you are enjoying vineyards and olive groves which you did not plant. (14) “Now, therefore, revere the LORD and serve Him with undivided loyalty; put away the gods that your forefathers served beyond the Euphrates and in Egypt, and serve the LORD. (15) Or, if you are loath to serve the LORD, choose this day which ones you are going to serve—the gods that your forefathers served beyond the Euphrates, or those of the Amorites in whose land you are settled; but I and my household will serve the LORD.” (16) In reply, the people declared, “Far be it from us to forsake the LORD and serve other gods! (17) For it was the LORD our God who brought us and our fathers up from the land of Egypt, the house of bondage, and who wrought those wondrous signs before our very eyes, and guarded us all along the way that we traveled and among all the peoples through whose midst we passed. (18) And then the LORD drove out before us all the peoples—the Amorites—that inhabited the country. We too will serve the LORD, for He is our God.” (19) Joshua, however, said to the people, “You will not be able to serve the LORD, for He is a holy God. He is a jealous God; He will not forgive your transgressions and your sins. (20) If you forsake the LORD and serve alien gods, He will turn and deal harshly with you and make an end of you, after having been gracious to you.” (21) But the people replied to Joshua, “No, we will serve the LORD!” (22) Thereupon Joshua said to the people, “You are witnesses against yourselves that you have by your own act chosen to serve the LORD.” “Yes, we are!” they responded. (23) “Then put away the alien gods that you have among you and direct your hearts to the LORD, the God of Israel.” (24) And the people declared to Joshua, “We will serve none but the LORD our God, and we will obey none but Him.” (25) On that day at Shechem, Joshua made a covenant for the people and he made a fixed rule for them. (26) Joshua recorded all this in a book of divine instruction. He took a great stone and set it up at the foot of the oak in the sacred precinct of the LORD; (27) and Joshua said to all the people, “See, this very stone shall be a witness against us, for it heard all the words that the LORD spoke to us; it shall be a witness against you, lest you break faith with your God.” (28) Joshua then dismissed the people to their allotted portions. (29) After these events, Joshua son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died at the age of one hundred and ten years. (30) They buried him on his own property, at Timnath-serah in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash. (31) Israel served the LORD during the lifetime of Joshua and the lifetime of the elders who lived on after Joshua, and who had experienced all the deeds that the LORD had wrought for Israel. (32) The bones of Joseph, which the Israelites had brought up from Egypt, were buried at Shechem, in the piece of ground which Jacob had bought for a hundred kesitahs from the children of Hamor, Shechem’s father, and which had become a heritage of the Josephites. (33) Eleazar son of Aaron also died, and they buried him on the hill of his son Phinehas, which had been assigned to him in the hill country of Ephraim.

4.
חלקו הראשון של נאום יהושע בפרק כד כולל סקירה היסטורית. מהם האירועים שאותם מזכיר יהושע ומהו לדעתכם העיקרון שמנחה אותו בבחירתם?
5.
עיינו בפרקנו בפסוקים טז-כו והשוו לשמות כ,ב-ו; כג,כז-ל. שימו לב לקשר בין הפסוקים, כיצד הקשרים מחדדים את הבנת דבריו של יהושע כאן.
6.
פסוקים כח-לג חותמים את ספר יהושע. כיצד מבטא כל חלק בפסוקים את סופה של התקופה.

מְפֹרָ֑שׁ וְשׂ֣וֹם שֶׂ֔כֶל - עיון

7.
לאורך ספר יהושע, ניכר היחס העמוק בין דמות משה ודמותו של יהושע. עיינו במדבר לג,נב-נו ובדברים כט. כיצד נאום הפרידה המופיע בפרקנו תורם להבנת היחס שבין שני מנהיגיו הראשונים של עם ישראל.
8.
יהושע מצווה את העם להסיר את אלוהי הנכר מקרבם. אזהרה זו מופיעה גם בבראשית לה,ב-ד; בשמ"א ז,ג-ד. בדקו בכל אחד מהמקומות. האם האזהרה מעידה על קיום עבודה זרה בפועל או על סכנה פוטנציאלית?

וַיָּבִ֖ינוּ בַּמִּקְרָֽא - הרחבה

גבור בן חיל יהושע בן נון משרת משה בנבואה
אשר נוצר להיות בימיו תשועה גדולה לבחיריו
להנקם נקמי אויב ולהנחיל את ישראל:

מה נהדר בנטותו יד בהניפו כידון על עיר
מי הוא לפניו יתיצב כי מלחמות ה׳ נלחם
הלא בידו עמד השמש יום אחד היה לשנים
כי קרא אל אל עליון כאכפה לו אויבים מסביב
ויענהו אל עליון באבני ברד ואלגביש
וישלך על עם אויב ובמורד האביד קמים
למען דעת כל גויי חרם כי צופה ה׳ מלחמתם:

וגם כי מלא אחרי אל ובימי משה עשה חסד
הוא וכלב בן יפנה להתיצב בפרע קהל
להשיב חרון מעדה ולהשבית דיבה רעה:
לכם גם הם בשנים נאצלו משש מאות אלף רגלי
להביאם אל נחלתם ארץ זבת חלב ודבש
ויתן לכלב עצמה ועד שיבה עמדה עמו
להדריכו על במתי ארץ וגם זרעו ירש נחלה
למען דעת כל זרע יעקב כי טוב למלא אחרי ה׳:
(בן סירא, מו, א-יח)

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