Believe it or not, we start with Esau, the twin brother of Jacob.
(19) This is the story of Isaac, son of Abraham. Abraham begot Isaac. (20) Isaac was forty years old when he took to wife Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram, sister of Laban the Aramean. (21) Isaac pleaded with יהוה on behalf of his wife, because she was barren; and יהוה responded to his plea, and his wife Rebekah conceived. (22) But the children struggled in her womb, and she said, “If so, why do I exist?”*why do I exist? She went to inquire of יהוה, (23) and יהוה answered her,
“Two nations are in your womb,
Two separate peoples shall issue from your body;
One people shall be mightier than the other,
And the older shall serve the younger.” (24) When her time to give birth was at hand, there were twins in her womb. (25) The first one emerged red, like a hairy mantle all over; so they named him Esau.*Esau Synonym of “Seir,” play on Heb. se‘ar “hair.” (26) Then his brother emerged, holding on to the heel of Esau; so they named him Jacob.*Jacob Play on Heb. ‘aqeb “heel.” Isaac was sixty years old when they were born. (27) When the boys grew up, Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the outdoors; but Jacob became a mild man, raising livestock.*raising livestock Heb. yoshev ’ohalim; NJPS “who stayed in camp,” lit. “a sitter in tents.” The idiom for a pastoralist; cf. 4.20. (28) Isaac favored Esau because he had a taste for game;*he had a taste for game Lit. “game was in his mouth.” but Rebekah favored Jacob. (29) Once when Jacob was cooking a stew, Esau came in from the open, famished. (30) And Esau said to Jacob, “Give me some of that red stuff to gulp down, for I am famished”—which is why he was named Edom.*Edom Play on Heb. ’adom “red.” (31) Jacob said, “First sell me your birthright.” (32) And Esau said, “I am at the point of death, so of what use is my birthright to me?” (33) But Jacob said, “Swear to me first.” So he swore to him, and sold his birthright to Jacob. (34) Jacob then gave Esau bread and lentil stew; he ate and drank, and he rose and went away. Thus did Esau spurn the birthright.
(1) This is the line of Esau—that is, Edom. (2) Esau took his wives from among the Canaanite women—Adah daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Oholibamah daughter of Anah daughter of Zibeon the Hivite — (3) and also Basemath daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebaioth. (4) Adah bore to Esau Eliphaz; Basemath bore Reuel; (5) and Oholibamah bore Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. Those were the sons of Esau, who were born to him in the land of Canaan. (6) Esau took his wives, his sons and daughters, and all the members of his household, his cattle and all his livestock, and all the property that he had acquired in the land of Canaan, and went to another land because of his brother Jacob. (7) For their possessions were too many for them to dwell together, and the land where they sojourned could not support them because of their livestock. (8) So Esau settled in the hill country of Seir—Esau being Edom. (9) This, then, is the line of Esau, the ancestor of the Edomites, in the hill country of Seir. (10) These are the names of Esau’s sons: Eliphaz, the son of Esau’s wife Adah; Reuel, the son of Esau’s wife Basemath. (11) The sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gatam, and Kenaz. (12) Timna was a concubine of Esau’s son Eliphaz; she bore Amalek to Eliphaz. Those were the descendants of Esau’s wife Adah.
(38) And Esau said to his father, “Have you but one blessing, Father? Bless me too, Father!” And Esau wept aloud. (39) And his father Isaac answered, saying to him,
“See, your abode shall enjoy the fat of the earth
And*enjoy the fat of the earth and from.” the dew of heaven above.
(40) Yet by your sword you shall live,
And you shall serve your brother;
But when you grow restive,
You shall break his yoke from your neck.” (41) Now Esau harbored a grudge against Jacob because of the blessing which his father had given him, and Esau said to himself, “Let but the mourning period of my father come, and I will kill my brother Jacob.” (42) When the words of her older son Esau were reported to Rebekah, she sent for her younger son Jacob and said to him, “Your brother Esau is consoling himself by planning to kill you. (43) Now, my son, listen to me. Flee at once to Haran, to my brother Laban.
Amalek is a descendent of Esau, a/k/a Edom. The Amalekites attacked the newly freed enslaved Israelites soon after they left Egypt. Instead of a frontal assault, they picked off the stragglers at the rear of the caravan.
God's Name (YHVH) and God's Throne will not be complete until Amalek is destroyed.
ועל דרך האמת, כי היד אשר על כסא יה, והיא מלחמה לה', הויה בעמלק מדר דר, כי מדת הדין של מעלה תהיה בו למחותו לעולם מדור דור ומדרש חכמים (תנחומא תצא טו) בשם המלא ובכסא השלם ירמוז לזה: וטעם העונש שנענש עמלק יותר מכל העמים, בעבור כי כל העמים שמעו וירגזון (שמות ט״ו:י״ד), ופלשת אדום ומואב ויושבי כנען נמוגו (שם) מפני פחד ה' ומהדר גאונו, ועמלק בא ממרחק כמתגבר על השם, ולכך אמר בו ולא ירא אלהים (דברים כה יח), ועוד כי הוא נין עשו וקרוב לנו, עובר מתעבר על ריב לא לו:
Some scholars explain the verse as meaning that “when there will be a ‘hand,’ [i.e., king, as explained further], upon the throne of the Eternal, the Eternal will have war with Amalek, and so shall it be from generation to generation.” The purport of this is that when there will be a king in Israel sitting upon the throne of the Eternal, he shall wage war against Amalek, thus alluding to Saul, the first king [of Israel]. And so shall it continue from generation to generation, that every king of Israel shall be duty-bound to fight with them until their name will extinct.
The following is also a Midrash of the Gemara, as found in [Tractate Sanhedrin] in the chapter of the High Priest: “By saying, The hand upon the throne of the Eternal: the Eternal will have war with Amalek from generation to generation, Scripture intimates that the Israelites must first appoint a king over themselves [before they are to annihilate the offspring of Amalek], for the throne of the Eternal refers only to the king, as it is said, Then Solomon sat on the throne of the Eternal. In line with the plain meaning of Scripture, this is correct.
And by way of the Truth, [that is, the mystic lore of the Cabala, the verse is to be understood as meaning] that the Hand, [i.e., the attribute of justice], which is upon the throne of Y-ah, and which is the war from the Eternal, will continue with Amalek from generation to generation, for the high attribute of justice will pursue his extinction forever from generation to generation. The Midrash of the Sages [mentioned above] concerning “the full Divine Name” and “the perfect throne” allude to this [interpretation by way of the Truth].
Now the reason for the punishment of Amalek, i.e., why punitive measures were meted out to him more than to all other nations, is that when all the nations heard [of G-d’s visitation upon the Egyptians], they trembled. Philistia, Edom, and Moab and the inhabitants of Canaan melted away from before the terror of the Eternal, and from the Glory of His majesty, whereas Amalek came from afar as if to make himself master over G-d. It is for this reason that it is said concerning him, and he feared not G-d. Besides, he was a descendant of Esau and related to us, a passer-by who meddles with a quarrel not his own.
Yithro
Now we can understand the Maftir of Shabbat Zachor. Knowing the history of the contact between Amalek and the Israelites, we have learned that God is continuously at war with Amalek, the embodiment of evil in the Tanach. But why do we read this on the Shabbat before Purim? We'll find out soon enough!
(17) Remember what Amalek did to you on your journey, after you left Egypt— (18) how, undeterred by fear of God, he surprised you on the march, when you were famished and weary, and cut down all the stragglers in your rear. (19) Therefore, when your God יהוה grants you safety from all your enemies around you, in the land that your God יהוה is giving you as a hereditary portion, you shall blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven. Do not forget!
Here, we learn that God commands King Saul, through the Prophet Samuel, to wipe out the Agagites, a Tribe of Amalek that lived near the Philistines on the coast. Saul is commanded to utterly destroy the Amalekites, killing every man - even the cattle - and refrain from taking the spoils of war. Saul defeats King Agag but spares his life. For this sin, Samuel declares that Saul will lose his kingdom; his sons will not succeed him (David does). Then, Samuel takes a sword and hacks King Agag to pieces. This is the Haftarah for Shabbat Zachor and leads to the answer why we read these passages just before Purim.
(י) וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהֹוָ֔ה אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹֽר׃ (יא) נִחַ֗מְתִּי כִּֽי־הִמְלַ֤כְתִּי אֶת־שָׁאוּל֙ לְמֶ֔לֶךְ כִּי־שָׁב֙ מֵֽאַחֲרַ֔י וְאֶת־דְּבָרַ֖י לֹ֣א הֵקִ֑ים וַיִּ֙חַר֙ לִשְׁמוּאֵ֔ל וַיִּזְעַ֥ק אֶל־יְהֹוָ֖ה כׇּל־הַלָּֽיְלָה׃ (יב) וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֧ם שְׁמוּאֵ֛ל לִקְרַ֥את שָׁא֖וּל בַּבֹּ֑קֶר וַיֻּגַּ֨ד לִשְׁמוּאֵ֜ל לֵאמֹ֗ר בָּֽא־שָׁא֤וּל הַכַּרְמֶ֙לָה֙ וְהִנֵּ֨ה מַצִּ֥יב לוֹ֙ יָ֔ד וַיִּסֹּב֙ וַֽיַּעֲבֹ֔ר וַיֵּ֖רֶד הַגִּלְגָּֽל׃ (יג) וַיָּבֹ֥א שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל אֶל־שָׁא֑וּל וַיֹּ֧אמֶר ל֣וֹ שָׁא֗וּל בָּר֤וּךְ אַתָּה֙ לַֽיהֹוָ֔ה הֲקִימֹ֖תִי אֶת־דְּבַ֥ר יְהֹוָֽה׃ (יד) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל וּמֶ֛ה קֽוֹל־הַצֹּ֥אן הַזֶּ֖ה בְּאׇזְנָ֑י וְק֣וֹל הַבָּקָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ׃ (טו) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר שָׁא֜וּל מֵעֲמָלֵקִ֣י הֱבִיא֗וּם אֲשֶׁ֨ר חָמַ֤ל הָעָם֙ עַל־מֵיטַ֤ב הַצֹּאן֙ וְהַבָּקָ֔ר לְמַ֥עַן זְבֹ֖חַ לַיהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ וְאֶת־הַיּוֹתֵ֖ר הֶחֱרַֽמְנוּ׃ {פ}
(טז) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל֙ אֶל־שָׁא֔וּל הֶ֚רֶף וְאַגִּ֣ידָה לְּךָ֔ אֵת֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֧ר יְהֹוָ֛ה אֵלַ֖י הַלָּ֑יְלָה (ויאמרו) [וַיֹּ֥אמֶר] ל֖וֹ דַּבֵּֽר׃ {ס} (יז) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל הֲל֗וֹא אִם־קָטֹ֤ן אַתָּה֙ בְּעֵינֶ֔יךָ רֹ֛אשׁ שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אָ֑תָּה וַיִּמְשָׁחֲךָ֧ יְהֹוָ֛ה לְמֶ֖לֶךְ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (יח) וַיִּשְׁלָחֲךָ֥ יְהֹוָ֖ה בְּדָ֑רֶךְ וַיֹּ֗אמֶר לֵ֣ךְ וְהַחֲרַמְתָּ֞ה אֶת־הַֽחַטָּאִים֙ אֶת־עֲמָלֵ֔ק וְנִלְחַמְתָּ֣ ב֔וֹ עַ֥ד כַּלּוֹתָ֖ם אֹתָֽם׃ (יט) וְלָ֥מָּה לֹֽא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהֹוָ֑ה וַתַּ֙עַט֙ אֶל־הַשָּׁלָ֔ל וַתַּ֥עַשׂ הָרַ֖ע בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס} (כ) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר שָׁא֜וּל אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֗ל אֲשֶׁ֤ר שָׁמַ֙עְתִּי֙ בְּק֣וֹל יְהֹוָ֔ה וָאֵלֵ֕ךְ בַּדֶּ֖רֶךְ אֲשֶׁר־שְׁלָחַ֣נִי יְהֹוָ֑ה וָאָבִ֗יא אֶת־אֲגַג֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ עֲמָלֵ֔ק וְאֶת־עֲמָלֵ֖ק הֶחֱרַֽמְתִּי׃ (כא) וַיִּקַּ֨ח הָעָ֧ם מֵהַשָּׁלָ֛ל צֹ֥אן וּבָקָ֖ר רֵאשִׁ֣ית הַחֵ֑רֶם לִזְבֹּ֛חַ לַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ בַּגִּלְגָּֽל׃ {ס} (כב) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֗ל הַחֵ֤פֶץ לַֽיהֹוָה֙ בְּעֹל֣וֹת וּזְבָחִ֔ים כִּשְׁמֹ֖עַ בְּק֣וֹל יְהֹוָ֑ה הִנֵּ֤ה שְׁמֹ֙עַ֙ מִזֶּ֣בַח ט֔וֹב לְהַקְשִׁ֖יב מֵחֵ֥לֶב אֵילִֽים׃ (כג) כִּ֤י חַטַּאת־קֶ֙סֶם֙ מֶ֔רִי וְאָ֥וֶן וּתְרָפִ֖ים הַפְצַ֑ר יַ֗עַן מָאַ֙סְתָּ֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה וַיִּמְאָסְךָ֖ מִמֶּֽלֶךְ׃ {ס} (כד) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר שָׁא֤וּל אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵל֙ חָטָ֔אתִי כִּֽי־עָבַ֥רְתִּי אֶת־פִּֽי־יְהֹוָ֖ה וְאֶת־דְּבָרֶ֑יךָ כִּ֤י יָרֵ֙אתִי֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם וָאֶשְׁמַ֖ע בְּקוֹלָֽם׃ (כה) וְעַתָּ֕ה שָׂ֥א נָ֖א אֶת־חַטָּאתִ֑י וְשׁ֣וּב עִמִּ֔י וְאֶֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה לַיהֹוָֽה׃ (כו) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל֙ אֶל־שָׁא֔וּל לֹ֥א אָשׁ֖וּב עִמָּ֑ךְ כִּ֤י מָאַ֙סְתָּה֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה וַיִּמְאָסְךָ֣ יְהֹוָ֔ה מִֽהְי֥וֹת מֶ֖לֶךְ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ {ס} (כז) וַיִּסֹּ֥ב שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל לָלֶ֑כֶת וַיַּחֲזֵ֥ק בִּכְנַף־מְעִיל֖וֹ וַיִּקָּרַֽע׃ {ס} (כח) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָיו֙ שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל קָרַ֨ע יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶֽת־מַמְלְכ֧וּת יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל מֵעָלֶ֖יךָ הַיּ֑וֹם וּנְתָנָ֕הּ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ הַטּ֥וֹב מִמֶּֽךָּ׃ {ס} (כט) וְגַם֙ נֵ֣צַח יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א יְשַׁקֵּ֖ר וְלֹ֣א יִנָּחֵ֑ם כִּ֣י לֹ֥א אָדָ֛ם ה֖וּא לְהִנָּחֵֽם׃ (ל) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר חָטָ֔אתִי עַתָּ֗ה כַּבְּדֵ֥נִי נָ֛א נֶ֥גֶד זִקְנֵֽי־עַמִּ֖י וְנֶ֣גֶד יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְשׁ֣וּב עִמִּ֔י וְהִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֵ֖יתִי לַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃ (לא) וַיָּ֥שׇׁב שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל אַחֲרֵ֣י שָׁא֑וּל וַיִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ שָׁא֖וּל לַיהֹוָֽה׃ {ס} (לב) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֗ל הַגִּ֤ישׁוּ אֵלַי֙ אֶת־אֲגַג֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ עֲמָלֵ֔ק וַיֵּ֣לֶךְ אֵלָ֔יו אֲגַ֖ג מַעֲדַנֹּ֑ת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲגָ֔ג אָכֵ֖ן סָ֥ר מַר־הַמָּֽוֶת׃ {ס} (לג) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר שִׁכְּלָ֤ה נָשִׁים֙ חַרְבֶּ֔ךָ כֵּן־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ל מִנָּשִׁ֖ים אִמֶּ֑ךָ וַיְשַׁסֵּ֨ף שְׁמוּאֵ֧ל אֶת־אֲגָ֛ג לִפְנֵ֥י יְהֹוָ֖ה בַּגִּלְגָּֽל׃ {ס} (לד) וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל הָרָמָ֑תָה וְשָׁא֛וּל עָלָ֥ה אֶל־בֵּית֖וֹ גִּבְעַ֥ת שָׁאֽוּל׃
“Does the LORD delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices
As much as in obedience to the LORD’s command?
Surely, obedience is better than sacrifice,
Compliance than the fat of rams. (23) For rebellion is like the sin of divination,
Defiance, like the iniquity of teraphim.
Because you rejected the LORD’s command,
He has rejected you as king.” (24) Saul said to Samuel, “I did wrong to transgress the LORD’s command and your instructions; but I was afraid of the troops and I yielded to them. (25) Please, forgive my offense and come back with me, and I will bow low to the LORD.” (26) But Samuel said to Saul, “I will not go back with you; for you have rejected the LORD’s command, and the LORD has rejected you as king over Israel.” (27) As Samuel turned to leave, Saul seized the corner of his robe, and it tore. (28) And Samuel said to him, “The LORD has this day torn the kingship over Israel away from you and has given it to another who is worthier than you. (29) Moreover, the Glory of Israel does not deceive or change His mind, for He is not human that He should change His mind.” (30) But [Saul] pleaded, “I did wrong. Please, honor me in the presence of the elders of my people and in the presence of Israel, and come back with me until I have bowed low to the LORD your God.” (31) So Samuel followed Saul back, and Saul bowed low to the LORD. (32) Samuel said, “Bring forward to me King Agag of Amalek.” Agag approached him with faltering steps;-f and Agag said, “Ah, bitter death is at hand!” (33) Samuel said:
“As your sword has bereaved women,
So shall your mother be bereaved among women.”
And Samuel cut Agag down-b before the LORD at Gilgal. (34) Samuel then departed for Ramah, and Saul went up to his home at Gibeah of Saul.
(ג) ושם עמד שמואל לפני הב"ה, מתפלל ואומר, רבון כל העולמים אל תשכח חטאת עשו שעשה לאביו שלקח נשים נכריות מזבחות ומקטרות לע"ז למרר שני חיי אבותיו שנ' ותהיין מורת רוח ליצחק ולרבקה זכור חטאתו על בניו ועל בני בניו עד סוף כל הדורות שנ' יזכר עון אבותיו אל ה' וחטאת אמו אל תמח ושמע שאול את קול אגג לוחש בפיו ואומ' אפשר סר ממני מר המות שנ' אכן סר מר המות אמ' לו שמואל כשם ששכלה חרב עמלק זקניך את בחורי ישראל מאחורי הענן וישבו נשיהם שכולות ואלמנות וכתפלת אסתר ונערותיה נהרגו כל בני עמלק וישבו נשיהם שכולות ואלמנות שנ' ויאמר שמואל כאשר שכלה נשים חרבך וכו'.
(3) And there stood Samuel before the Holy One, blessed be He, and he said: Sovereign of all the Universe ! Do not forget the sin which Esau did to his father, || for he took strange women (for his wives), who offered sacrifices and burnt incense to idols, to embitter the years of the life of his parents. Remember his sin unto his sons and unto his grandsons unto the end of all generations, as it is said, "Let the iniquity of his fathers be remembered with the Lord" (Ps. 109:14). Samuel heard the voice of Agag muttering with his mouth, saying: Perhaps the bitterness of the evil death has passed from me, as it is said, "And Agag said, Surely the bitterness of death is past" (1 Sam. 15:32). Samuel said to him: Just as the sword of Amalek thy ancestor consumed the young men of Israel who were outside the cloud, so that their women dwelt (as) childless women and widows, so by the prayer of the women all the sons of Amalek shall be slain, and their women shall dwell (as) childless women and widows. And by the prayer of Esther and her maidens all the sons of Amalek were slain and their women remained childless and widowed, as it is said, "And Samuel said, As thy sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mother be childless among women" (1 Sam. 15:33).
Notice that Haman is an Agagite and therefore a descendent of King Agag and Amalek (and Esau/Edom)! This is why we read these passages just before Purim.
(ג) דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, כְּתִיב (איוב כ, ו): אִם יַעֲלֶה לַשָּׁמַיִם שִׂיאוֹ, לְרוּמָא. וְרֹאשׁוֹ לָעָב יַגִּיעַ, לָעֲנָנָה. (איוב כ, ז): כְּגֶלְלוֹ לָנֶצַח יֹאבֵד, מַה גְּלָלִים הַלָּלוּ מְזֹהָמִין כָּךְ הוּא מְזֹהָם. (איוב כ, ז): רֹאָיו יֹאמְרוּ אַיּוֹ, חָמְיָין לֵיהּ וְלָא חָכְמִין לֵיהּ, אָן הוּא הָמָן וְאָן הוּא שַׁלְוָתוֹ. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הֲוָה מִשְׁתָּעֵי אִילֵין עוֹבָדַיָא, אֲרִי עָשָׂה סְעוּדָה לַבְּהֵמָה וְלַחַיָּה, וְסִכֵּךְ עַל גַּבָּן עוֹרוֹת שֶׁל אֲרָיוֹת וּזְאֵבִים וְחַיּוֹת רָעוֹת, מִן דַּאֲכָלוּן וּשְׁתוֹן אֲמָרִין הַלְּוַאי מָאן יֵימַר קוֹמֵינַן זְמִירָא, תָּלְיָין עֵינֵיהוֹן בַּהֲדֵיהּ תַּעֲלָא, אֲמַר לוֹן עָנְיִין לִי אַתּוּן מַה דַּאֲנָא אָמַר לְכוֹן, אֲמָרִין הֵן, אֲמַר לוֹן מַאן דְּאַחֲמֵי לָן בְּעִילָאֵי הוּא יַחֲמֵי לָן בְּאַרְעָאֵי. כָּךְ מִי שֶׁהֶרְאָנוּ בְּמַפַּלְתָּן שֶׁל בִּגְתָן וָתֶרֶשׁ וּצְלִיבָתָן, הוּא יַרְאֶה לָנוּ בְּמַפַּלְתּוֹ שֶׁל הָמָן, וּמִי שֶׁפָּרַע מִן הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הוּא יִפָּרַע לָנוּ מִן הָאַחֲרוֹנִים, מַה כְּתִיב לְמַעְלָה מִן הָעִנְיָן וַיִּתָּלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם עַל עֵץ, אַף סוֹפוֹ שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ לִצָּלֵב.
(ד) דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה גִּדַּל הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, הִרְהוּרֵי דְבָרִים הָיוּ שָׁם, וּמִי הִרְהֵר, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר הָמָן הִרְהֵר, אָמַר אִם אֶסְתֵּר יְהוּדִית הִיא, קְרוֹבָתִי הִיא מִן אָבִי עֵשָׂו, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלאכי א, ב): הֲלוֹא אָח עֵשָׂו לְיַעֲקֹב, וְאִם גּוֹיָה הִיא כָּל הַגּוֹיִם קְרוֹבִים אֵלּוּ לָאֵלּוּ.
(ה) רַבִּי פִּנְחָס אָמַר, שְׁנֵי עֲשִׁירִים עָמְדוּ בָּעוֹלָם, אֶחָד לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶחָד לְעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, וְלֹא עָמַד לָהֶם מָמוֹנָם אֶלָּא לְרָעָתָם. קֹרַח בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁמָּצָא אוֹצְרוֹת שֶׁל כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב שֶׁהִטְמִין יוֹסֵף. וְהָמָן בְּעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, לָקַח אוֹצְרוֹת מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת עָשְׂרוֹ וַעֲשֶׂרֶת בָּנָיו לְפָנָיו שָׂרִים, עָמַד וְגִדְּלוֹ וְרוֹמְמוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה גִּדַּל הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ אֶת הָמָן בֶּן הַמְדָתָא הָאֲגָגִי וַיְנַשְֹּׂאֵהוּ, וְצִוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁיְהוּ כּוֹרְעִים וּמִשְׁתַּחֲוִים לוֹ, מֶה עָשָׂה הָמָן, עָשָׂה לוֹ צֶלֶם מְרֻקָּם עַל בְּגָדָיו וְעַל לִבּוֹ, וְכָל מִי שֶׁהָיָה מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְהָמָן הָיָה מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים.
(ו) וְכָל עַבְדֵּי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר בְּשַׁעַר הַמֶּלֶךְ וגו' (אסתר ג, ב), רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא פָּתַח (תהלים קמ, ו): טָמְנוּ גֵאִים פַּח לִי, אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם מְצוּדָה פָּרְשׂוּ לִי עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים לְהַפִּילֵנִי, אוֹמְרִים לִי עֲבֹד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, אִם אֲנִי שׁוֹמַעַת לָהֶם נֶעֱנַשְׁתִּי, וְאִם אֵין אֲנִי שׁוֹמַעַת לָהֶם הֵן הוֹרְגִין אוֹתִי. מָשָׁל לִזְאֵב שֶׁצָּמָא לַמַּיִם וּפָרְשׂוּ לוֹ מְצוּדָה עַל פִּי הַמַּעְיָן, אָמַר אִם אֵרֵד לִשְׁתּוֹת הֲרֵינִי נִצּוֹד, וְאִם לֹא אֵרֵד הֲרֵינִי מֵת בַּצָּמָא.
(3) Another interpretation: “After these matters” – it is written: “Though his haughtiness ascends to the heavens” – to the heights; “and his head reaches to the clouds”– the clouds (Job 20:6). “He will perish forever, like his dung” (Job 20:7) – just as dung is repulsive, so too, he is repulsive. “Those who see him will say: Where is he?” (Ibid.) – They see him but do not recognize him: Where is Haman and where is his contentment?
Rabbi Pinḥas related these events: The lion made a banquet for all the animals and spread over them [for shade, the] hides of lions, wolves, and predators. After they ate and drank, they said: ‘If only someone would recite a poem before us.’ They fixed their eyes on a certain fox. He said to them: ‘You repeat to me what I say to you.’ They said: ‘Yes.’ He said to them: ‘He who showed us with those above, let him show us with those on the ground.’ So: He who showed us the downfall of Bigtan and Teresh and their hanging will show us the downfall of Haman. And He who punished the first ones, let him punish the latter ones. What is written above on the topic? “The two of them were hanged on a gibbet” (Esther 2:23); so, too, this person will ultimately be hanged.
(4) Another matter: “After these matters, King Aḥashverosh promoted Haman” – there were calculations there. Who calculated? Rabbi Yehuda said: Haman calculated. He said: If Esther is a Jewess, she is my relative via my ancestor Esau; that is what is written: “Isn’t Esau a brother to Jacob” (Malachi 1:2); and if she is a gentile, all gentiles are affiliated with each other.
(5) Rabbi Pinḥas said: Two wealthy men arose in the [history of the] world, one from Israel and one from the idolaters, and their property was only to their harm. Koraḥ in Israel, who found the treasures of gold and silver that Joseph had concealed, and Haman among the idolaters, as he took the treasures of the kings of Judah. When the king saw his wealth, and his ten sons [living] as princes, he arose and promoted and raised him up; that is what is written: “After these matters, King Aḥashverosh promoted Haman son of Hamedata…and he raised him up.” The king commanded that they should bow and prostrate themselves to him. What did Haman do? He crafted for himself an embroidered image on his garment and on his heart, and anyone who would prostrate himself to Haman would prostrate himself to the image.
(6) “All the king's servants who were at the king's gate bowed and prostrated themselves to Haman, for so had the king commanded concerning him; and Mordekhai would not bow and would not prostrate himself” (Esther 3:2).
“All the king's servants who were at the king's gate.” Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina began: “The arrogant laid a trap for me” (Psalms 140:6) – the congregation of Israel said before the Holy one blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, the idolaters have spread a trap before me to bring me down. They say to me: Engage in idol worship. If I heed them, I will be punished. If I do not heed them, they will kill me. It is analogous to a wolf that thirsted for water, but they spread a net at the entrance to the spring. He said: If I go down to drink, I will be trapped, but if I do not go down, I will die of thirst.
(טו) וַיִּקְצֹף הַמֶּלֶךְ מְאֹד וַחֲמָתוֹ בָּעֲרָה בוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַמַּלְאָךְ הַמְמֻנֶּה עַל הַחֵמָה חוּת פַּח זִיקָא בְּכָרְסְיֵהּ, וּנְפַח בְּקִיטְמֵיהּ, וּזְרֹק גּוּפְרִיתָא בְּאַתּוּנֵיהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כָּל אוֹתָן הַשָּׁנִים מִשָּׁעָה שֶׁנֶּהֶרְגָה וַשְׁתִּי עַד שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה אֶסְתֵּר, לֹא שָׁכְכָה חֲמָתוֹ שֶׁל אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ. אֲתִיבוּן, וְהָכְתִיב כְּשֹׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, אָמַר לָהֶם בְּשֹׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כְּשֹׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ, שְׁכִיכָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שְׁכִיכָה, אֵימָתַי שָׁכְכָה חֲמָתוֹ, כְּשֶׁנִּצְלַב הָמָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיִּתְלוּ אֶת הָמָן עַל הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר הֵכִין לְמָרְדֳּכָי וַחֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ שָׁכָכָה, חֲמָתוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא.
(15) “The king was very angry and his fury burned within him.” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: At that moment, The Holy One blessed be He said to the angel appointed over fury: Descend and blow wind into his belly, and fan his embers, and cast sulfur into his furnace. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: All those years, from the moment that Vashti was killed until Esther entered, the fury of Aḥashverosh did not abate. They raised an objection – but isn’t it written: “When the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated [keshokh]” (Esther 2:1)? He said to them: With the abating of [beshokh] the fury of the king is not written here, but rather, like the abating [keshokh] the fury of the king; abating that is not abating.24The midrash is reading the prepositional prefix ke- to mean “like” rather than “when,” indicating that the king’s fury only abated somewhat. When did his fury abate? When Haman was impaled; that is what is written: “They hanged Haman on the gallows that he had prepared for Mordekhai, and the king's fury abated” (Esther 7:10) – the fury of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, abated.
Now, we can ask other questions about the Book of Esther:
1. What do the names Esther and Mordechai represent?
2. Is Vashti the real hero of the story?
3. Why does Esther hide her faith?
4. Does Haman put his face in Esther's lap?
5. What does "Purim" actually mean?
6. What are Shalach Manot and Matanat l'Evyonim mean?
7. Why did the Jews riot across the entire Persian Empire?
8. Really, what are Hamentaschen?