Yigdal “on one foot”:
Yigdal is a prayer, said at the end of Friday evening services and also by many at the beginning of weekday morning services (after “Ma Tovu”, and before “Birkot HaShachar”). It is called “Yigdal” because that is the first word of the prayer. The last line is often repeated in order to have an even number of verses when singing it.
The Evolution of Yigdal
1. The Rabbis say in the Mishnah (Sanhedrin 10:1) that all Jews have a place in the world to come except for those who don’t believe resurrection is taught in the Torah (which is what the Sadducees thought), those who don’t think that Torah comes from G-d in some way, and an apikoros who doesn’t think that G-d is involved in the world (comes from “Epicurean”).
2. Maimonides (1138-1204), commenting on this, writes his Thirteen Articles of Faith (of which “Ani Ma’amin” is one, about the coming of the Messiah) to say what else a Jew should believe.
3. Immanuel of Rome (1261-1335) writes a poetic version of those articles of faith as part of his work “Machbarot”.
4. Daniel ben Judah Dayan of Rome (1300s) writes a poetic summary of the aforementioned longer poem.
The Prayer Itself
(א) יִגְדַּל אֱלהִים חַי וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח, נִמְצָא וְאֵין עֵת אֶל מְצִיאוּתו. אֶחָד וְאֵין יָחִיד כְּיִחוּדו, נֶעְלָם וְגַם אֵין סוף לְאַחְדוּתו. אֵין לו דְמוּת הַגּוּף וְאֵינו גוּף, לא נַעֲרךְ אֵלָיו קְדֻשָּׁתו. קַדְמון לְכָל דָּבָר אֲשֶׁר נִבְרָא, רִאשׁון וְאֵין רֵאשִׁית לְרֵאשִׁיתו. הִנּו אֲדון עולָם לְכָל נוצָר, יורֶה גְדֻלָּתו וּמַלְכוּתו. שֶׁפַע נְבוּאָתו נְתָנו, אֶל אַנְשֵׁי סְגֻלָּתו וְתִפְאַרְתּו. לא קָם בְּיִשרָאֵל כְּמשֶׁה עוד, נָבִיא וּמַבִּיט אֶת תְּמוּנָתו. תּורַת אֱמֶת נָתַן לְעַמּו אֵל, עַל יַד נְבִיאו נֶאֱמַן בֵּיתו. לא יַחֲלִיף הָאֵל וְלא יָמִיר דָּתו, לְעולָמִים לְזוּלָתו. צופֶה וְיודֵעַ סְתָרֵינוּ, מַבִּיט לְסוף דָּבָר בְְַּקַדְמָתו. גּומֵל לְאִישׁ חֶסֶד כְּמִפְעָלו, נותֵן לְרָשָׁע רַע כְּרִשְׁעָתו. יִשְׁלַח לְקֵץ הַיָּמִין מְשִׁיחֵנוּ, לִפְדּות מְחַכֵּי קֵץ יְשׁוּעָתו. מֵתִים יְחַיֶּה אֵל בְּרב חַסְדּו, בָּרוּךְ עֲדֵי עַד שֵׁם תְּהִלָּתו:
- Glorify and praise the living God, who exists, but not in time—
- Singular and unique, hidden and unbounded,
- Having no body, not a physical being: we cannot describe God’s distinctness.
- God existed before every thing; first of all—but with no beginning.
- This is the Master of the world; all of creation points to God’s greatness and sovereignty.
- Prophetic inspiration was bestowed upon the people God treasured and honored.
- There never arose in Israel another like Moses, a prophet able to see the very likeness of the Divine.
- By the hand of this prophet, trusted in God’s house, Torah, a truthful teaching, was given to God’s people.
- God will never alter the divine law, nor change it for another.
- God knows our innermost thoughts, and foresees their consequences from the start.
- God repays the righteous for their deeds; punishes evildoers in accord with their transgressions.
- The Divine will send us our Messiah at the end of days, redeeming those who wait for the time of God’s triumph.
- God, with great mercy, will give life to the dead—may God’s name be praised forever.
Fun fact: Every line of the Hebrew ends with the syllable “toe”.
Sephardic Additions
Used in some communities only
אֵלֶה שָׁלוֹשׁ־עֶשְֹרֵה לְעִקָּרִים, הֵן הֵם יְסוֹד דַּת מֹשֶׁה וְתוֹרַתוֹ.
תוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה אֱמֶת וּנְבוּאָתוֹ, בָּרוּךְ עֲדֵי עַד שֵׁם תְהִלַּתוֹ.
These are the thirteen fundamentals; they are the foundations of the religion of God and the Divine law.
The Torah of Moses and his prophecy is true; blessed for eternity be the eternal Divine name.
Objections and Uses of this Prayer
- Some people have objected to the idea of reducing Judaism to a list of 13 things to believe.
- Some people have objected to the idea that the dead will come back to life.
- In Hungary, the chèvre kadisha (burial society) would go house to house on Adar (II) 7, the day Moses was said to have died, and sing Yigdal, repeating the part at the end about the dead being resurrected one day.
Yigdal Goes to Church
Kippah tip to Danny Baigel
The story goes that a cleric attended the service at the Great Synagogue Dukes Place on Friday night in the mid 1700s. He heard Yigdal and liked it so much that he approached Michael Leoni (who was the composer chazan and choir master) at the time and asked if the tune could be used as a hymn. Leoni replied it could so long as there was no reference to the trinity! Apocryphal? Who knows but a great story all the same...
”The God of Abraham Praise”, Thomas Oliver (1725-1799)
1 The God of Abraham praise, who reigns enthroned above; Ancient of Everlasting Days, and God of Love; Jehovah, great I AM! by earth and heaven confessed; I bow and bless the sacred name forever blest.
2 The great I AM has sworn; I on this oath depend. I shall, on eagle wings upborne, to heaven ascend. I shall behold God’s face; I shall God’s power adore, and sing the wonders of God’s grace forevermore.
3 The heavenly land I see, with peace and plenty blest; a land of sacred liberty, and endless rest.
There milk and honey flow, and oil and wine abound, and trees of life forever grow with mercy crowned.
4 The God who reigns on high the great archangels sing, and “Holy, holy, holy!” cry “Almighty King! Who was, and is, the same, and evermore shall be: Jehovah, Lord, the great I AM, we worship thee!”
https://www.music-ministry.org/hymns/the-god-of-abraham-praise/
Let’s Discuss Yigdal
- Glorify and praise the living God, who exists, but not in time—
- Singular and unique, hidden and unbounded,
- Having no body, not a physical being: we cannot describe God’s distinctness.
- God existed before every thing; first of all—but with no beginning.
- This is the Master of the world; all of creation points to God’s greatness and sovereignty.
- Prophetic inspiration was bestowed upon the people God treasured and honored.
- There never arose in Israel another like Moses, a prophet able to see the very likeness of the Divine.
- By the hand of this prophet, trusted in God’s house, Torah, a truthful teaching, was given to God’s people.
- God will never alter the divine law, nor change it for another.
- God knows our innermost thoughts, and foresees their consequences from the start.
- God repays the righteous for their deeds; punishes evildoers in accord with their transgressions.
- The Divine will send us our Messiah at the end of days, redeeming those who wait for the time of God’s triumph.
- God, with great mercy, will give life to the dead—may God’s name be praised forever.
What reactions do you have to these?
What parts work for you? What parts do you have trouble with?
Do you see the part about evildoers getting punished as playing out in real life?
How do you understand the part about giving life to the dead?
Some Musical Versions
Think about which tunes seem to reflect the meaning and mood of the words
This is an Ashkenazi tune for Yigdal, tune written by Moses Leon in the 1700s. If you don’t want to learn about the tune and would rather go straight to the singing (in 3-part harmony), use this link: https://youtu.be/GzBx4TUk1kE
This is a High Holiday tune for Yigdal. It comes from Morocco.
This is a tune for Yigdal from Safam, a Jewish-American rock band. It was on the 1989 album “The Greater Scheme of Things”. This recording is from a 1993 concert.
This is a Spanish-Portuguese tune for Yigdal.
This is a Sephardic tune for Yigdal from Constantinople. It's also used in the North African Maghreb communities: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGVJWfJ55tk
This is a tune for Yigdal from the Jewish community of Libya.
This is a Western Sephardic tune for Yigdal from Amsterdam.
This Sephardic tune comes from London (via Amsterdam) and was also used in New York's Sephardic community.
This is how Yigdal is done in the Portuguese synagogue in Curacao, in the Caribbean. Mikve Israel-Emanuel congregation dates back to 1651 and is the oldest synagogue in the Americas (today it's Reconstructionist). You can see more about it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMxaEyS2fgc and here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ni0KZPBf3Bw
Sephardic Jews have been doing "Yigdal" to this tune for over 500 years, since before the Expulsion from Spain in 1492.
While not a setting of Yigdal, "Skyman" is Eliana Light's song about G!d from 2020.
Appendix A: More about Immanuel of Rome
From: A History of the Jews, by Solomon Grayzel
Almost a century after Al-Haziri (who lived 1170-1230), a Jewish poet of a somewhat different kind lived in Italy. Immanuel of Rome was a friend of the great Italian poet Dante. Frequently Immanuel preached in the synagogue, urging morality and serious study upon his hearers. This, however, did not prevent him from writing poetry containing secular reflections on life. The Jews of his day found some of these poem rather shocking, but they went on reading them just the same. Immanuel’s most important book was also written in a light vein. Being a fervent admirer of Dante, he attempted to imitate Dante’s immortal work, The Divine Comedy. He, too, tells of a journey through Heaven and Hell. His book was called Ha-Tofet V’haya-Eden (Hell and Paradise) and described in detail the various punishments meted out to sinful Jews of the past and more particularly of his own age. To be sure, Immanuel’s book cannot be compared to that of Dante either in description or in poetry. It is written in rhymed prose and is entertaining rather than inspiring. Perhaps for that very reason it became popular.
- P. 338.
Appendix B: Basic Jewish Philosophical Ideas About G-d
From: Every Person’s Guide to Jewish Philosophy and Philosophers, by Ronald Isaacs and “Philosophy, Jewish” in the Encyclopedia Judaica
(4) Hear, O Israel! יהוה is our God, יהוה is one
The One incomparable G-d
G-d exists
G-d creates and acts in the world
G-d is imageless
Israel is G-d’s chosen people
(6) יהוה passed before him and proclaimed: “!יהוה! יהוה a God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness,
G-d has attributes
Moses’ prophecy was superior
G-d punishes wayward behavior
The earth is finite
The heavens are finite
That nothing You propose is impossible for You.
G-d is omnipotent
Have you not heard?
The ETERNAL is God from of old,
Creator of the earth from end to end,
Who never grows faint or weary,
Whose wisdom cannot be fathomed—
G-d is omniscient
People possess freedom of choice
Humanity’s essential nature is their reason
(10) Shall the One who disciplines nations not punish, One who instructs people in knowledge?
Wisdom distinguishes humanity from other creatures
(5) They have mouths, but cannot speak, eyes, but cannot see; (6) they have ears, but cannot hear, noses, but cannot smell; (7) they have hands, but cannot touch, feet, but cannot walk; they can make no sound in their throats.
People have five senses
Humanity’s final goal is love of G-d
But the belly of the wicked is empty.
People should be modest in their conduct
The middle way is the best
To whom can I be compared?
—says the Holy One.
Nothing is like G-d
(14) And God said to Moses, “I-am-that-I-am”, continuing, “Thus shall you say to the Israelites, ‘Ehyeh’ sent me to you.’”
G-d’s essence is identical to G-d’s existence
And created humankind upon it;
My own hands stretched out the heavens,
And I marshaled all their host.
G-d created the universe
(3) Acknowledge that the LORD is God; God made us and we are God’s, God’s people, the flock God tends.
G-d created humanity
(5) The sun rises, and the sun sets— And glides back to where it rises.
The daily motion of the celestial bodies
The nutritive faculty of the human soul
(15) But whenever you desire, you may slaughter and eat meat in any of your settlements, according to the blessing that your God יהוה has granted you. The impure and the pure alike may partake of it, as of the gazelle and the deer.
The appetitive faculty of the human soul
דִּבְּרָה תּוֹרָה כִּלְשׁוֹן בְּנֵי אָדָם.
The Torah spoke in the language of men,
Attributes describing G-d in human terms must be understood as metaphor
הַכֹּל בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם, חוּץ מִיִּרְאַת שָׁמַיִם.
Everything is in the hands of Heaven, except for fear of Heaven.
People have freedom of choice
אֵין מִיתָה בְּלֹא חֵטְא, וְאֵין יִסּוּרִין בְּלֹא עָוֹן.
There is no death without sin; and there is no suffering without transgression.
People’s behavior affects their fate
לֹא כָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא אֵין בּוֹ לֹא אֲכִילָה וְלֹא שְׁתִיָּהּ וְלֹא פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה וְלֹא מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן וְלֹא קִנְאָה וְלֹא שִׂנְאָה וְלֹא תַּחֲרוּת, אֶלָּא צַדִּיקִים יוֹשְׁבִין וְעַטְרוֹתֵיהֶם בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶם וְנֶהֱנִים מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה
The World-to-Come is not like this world. In the World-to-Come there is no eating, no drinking, no procreation, no business negotiations, no jealousy, no hatred, and no competition. Rather, the righteous sit with their crowns upon their heads, enjoying the splendor of the Divine Presence
Spiritual nature of the afterlife
עולם כמנהגו נוהג והולך
The world goes along and follows its course
A natural order exists in the world
(יא) רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר כָּל מַה שֶּׁיֵּשׁ בַּשָּׁמַיִם בְּרִיָּיתוֹ מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, כָּל מַה שֶּׁיֵּשׁ בָּאָרֶץ בְּרִיָּיתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ,
(11) Rabbi Eliezer says: Everything that is in the heavens is created out of the heavens; everything that is on earth is created out of the earth.
The substance of the heavens differs from that of the earth
Appendix C: Rambam’s Thirteen Principles of Faith
From his commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1
For objections, see here: https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-thirteen-principles-of-faith/
(א) כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ס) וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִירְשׁוּ אָרֶץ נֵצֶר מַטָּעַי מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַי לְהִתְפָּאֵר. וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, הָאוֹמֵר אֵין תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְאֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם, וְאֶפִּיקוֹרֶס.
(1) All of the Jewish people, even sinners and those who are liable to be executed with a court-imposed death penalty, have a share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And your people also shall be all righteous, they shall inherit the land forever; the branch of My planting, the work of My hands, for My name to be glorified” (Isaiah 60:21). And these are the exceptions, the people who have no share in the World-to-Come, even when they fulfilled many mitzvot: One who says: There is no resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah, and one who says: The Torah did not originate from Heaven, and an epikoros, who treats Torah scholars and the Torah that they teach with contempt.
(טז) היסוד הראשון
להאמין מציאות הבורא יתברך והוא שיש שם נמצא שלם בכל דרכי המציאות הוא עילת מציאות הנמצאים כלם בו קיום מציאותם וממנו קיומם ואל יעלה על הלב העדר מציאותו כי בהעדר מציאותו נתבטל מציאות כל הנמצאים ולא נשאר נמצא שיתקיים מציאותו ואם נעלה על לבנו העדר הנמצאים כלם זולתו לא יתבטל מציאות הש"י ולא יגרע ואין האחדות והאדנות אלא לו לבד הש"י שמו כי הוא מסתפק במציאותו ודי לו בעצמו ואין צריך במציאות זולתו וכל מה שזולתו מן המלאכים וגופי הגלגלים ומה שיש בתוכם ומה שיש למטה מהם הכל צריכין במציאותם אליו וזה היסוד הראשון מורה עליו דבור אנכי ה' אלהיך:
(יז) היסוד השני
יחוד הש"י כלומר שנאמין שזה שהוא סבת הכל אחד ואינו כאחד הזוג ולא כאחד המין ולא כאיש האחד שנחלק לאחדים רבים ולא אחד כמו הגוף הפשוט האחד במנין שמקבל החלוק לאין סוף אבל הוא הש"י אחד באחדות שאין כמותה אחדות וזה היסוד השני מורה עליו מה שנאמר שמע ישראל ה' אלהינו ה' אחד:
(יח) היסוד השלישי
שלילת הגשמות ממנו וזה שנאמין כי האחד הזה שזכרנו אינו גוף ולא כח בגוף ולא ישיגוהו מאורעות הגופים כמו התנועה והמנוחה והמשכן לא מצד עצמות ולא במקרה ולכן שללו ממנו החכמים ז"ל החבור והפירוד ואמרו (חגיגה טו.) אין למעלה לא ישיבה ולא עמידה לא עורף ולא עפוי כלומר לא פירוד ולא עורף והוא חבור והוא עפוי מלשון ועפו בכתף פלשתים כלומר ידחפו אותם בכתף להתחברם בהם ואמר הנביא ואל מי תדמיוני ואשוה יאמר קדוש אילו היה גוף [היה] דומה לגופים וכל מה שבא בכתבי הקדש שמתארים אותו בתארי הגופות כמו ההליכה והעמידה והישיבה והדבור וכיוצא בזה הכל דרך השאלה וכן אמרו ז"ל (ברכות לא:) דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם וכבר דברו החכמים בזה הענין הרבה והיסוד השלישי הזה הוא מורה עליו מה שנאמר כי לא ראיתם כל תמונה כלומר לא השגתם אותו בעל תמונה לפי שהוא כמו שזכרנו אינו גוף ולא כח בגוף:
(יט) היסוד הרביעי
הקדמות והוא שנאמין כי זה האחד האמור הוא קדמון בהחלט וכל נמצא זולתו בלתי קדמון בערכו אליו והראיות על זה בכתבי הקדש רבות והיסוד הרביעי הזה מורה עליו מה שנא' מעונה אלהי קדם:
(כ) היסוד החמישי
שהוא יתברך הוא הראוי לעבדו ולגדלו ולהודיעו גדולתו ולעשות מצותיו ושלא יעשו כזה למי שהוא תחתיו במציאות מן המלאכים והכוכבים והגלגלים והיסודות ומה שהורכב מהם לפי שכולם מוטבעים ועל פעולתם אין משפט ולא בחירה אלא לו לבדו הש"י וכן אין ראוי לעבדם כדי להיותם אמצעים לקרבם אליו אלא אליו בלבד יכוונו המחשבות ויניחו כל מה שזולתו וזה היסוד החמישי הוא שהזהיר על ע"ז ורוב התורה מזהרת עליו:
(כא) היסוד הששי
הנבואה והוא שידע אדם שזה מין האדם ימצא בהם בעלי טבעים ממדות מעולות מאד ושלימות גדולה ונפשותיהן נכונות עד שהן מקבלות צורת השכל אחר כן ידבק אותו השכל האנושי בשכל הפועל ונאצל ממנו עליו אצילות נכבד ואלה הם הנביאים וזו היא הנבואה וזהו ענינה וביאור יסוד זה על בוריו יארך מאד ואין כונתנו להביא מופת על כל יסוד מהם וביאור מציאות השגתו לפי שזה הוא כלל החכמה כלם אבל אזכרה דרך ספור בלבד ומקראי התורה מעידים על נבואת נביאים הרבה:
(כב) היסוד השביעי
נבואת משה רבינו ע"ה והוא שנאמין כי הוא אביהם של כל הנביאים אשר היו מלפניו ואשר קמו מאחריו כלם הם תחתיו במעלה והוא היה הנבחר מכל מין האדם אשר השיג מידיעתו יתברך יותר מכל מה שהשיג או ישיג שום אדם שנמצא או שימצא וכי הוא ע"ה הגיע התעלותו מן האנושות עד המעלה המלאכותית ונכלל במעלת המלאכים לא נשאר מסך שלא קרעו ונכנס ממנו ולא מנעו מונע גופני ולא נתערב לו שום חסרון בין רב למעט ונתבטלו ממנו הכחות הדמיונות והחושיות והשגותיו ונבדל כח המתעורר המשתוקק ונשאר שכל בלבד ועל הענין הזה נאמר עליו שהיה מדבר עם הש"י בלא אמצעיות מן המלאכים. רצוני היה לבאר זה הענין הנפלא ולפתוח המנעול ממקראות התורה ולפרש טעם פה אל פה וכל הפסוק בזולתו מענינו לולא שראיתי שאלה הענינים יצטרכו לראיות רבות מאד והיינו צריכין להצעות רבות והקדמות ומשלים ושנבאר בתחילת מציאות המלאכים ושנוי מעלותיהן מן הבורא הש"י ושנבאר הנפש וכל כחותיה ויתרחב העגול עד שנדבר בצורות שזכרו הנביאים שראוי לבורא ולמלאכים ויכנס בזה שיעור קומה וענינו ולא יספיק בענין זה לבדו ואפילו יהיה מקוצר בתכלית הקצור מאה דפים ולפיכך אניח אותו למקומו אם בספר הדרשות שיעדתי לחברו או בספרי הנבואה שאני מתעסק בו או בספר שאחבר אותו בפירושי אלו היסודות:
(16) The first principle To believe in the existence of the Creator, may He be blessed, and that is that there is a Being complete in all the ways of existence. He is the cause of the existence of all other things in existence. Through Him does their existence survive and from Him is their survival. And one cannot imagine the lack of His existence, since in the lack of His existence, the existence of all things dissolves and no thing's existence would survive. And if we were to imagine the lack of all other things in existence besides Him, the existence of God, may He be blessed, would not dissolve and not be diminished. Unity and Mastery only belong to God, may His name be blessed, since He suffices in His [own] existence. It is enough for Him to be by Himself and He doesn't need the existence of anything else. And everything besides Him of the angels and the bodies of the planets and what is in them and what is below them - all need Him for their existence. And this is the first principle, [and] it is indicated by the 'first commandment' - "I am the Lord, your God" (Exodus 20:2).
(17) The second principle The unity of God, may He be blessed, which is to say that we believe that He who is the cause of everything is one. And He is not like one of a pair and not like one of a group and not like one person that can be divided into many [smaller] units and not like a simple body which is numerically one [but] can be infinitely divided. Rather He - God, may He be blessed - is one in a unity that has no unity like it. And this is the second principle, [and] it is indicated by that which is stated, "Listen Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one."
(18) The third principle Denial of His physicality and that is that we believe that this Unity that we mentioned is not a body and not the power of a body and that actions of a body do not relate to Him, not in His essence and not in His doings. And hence the sages, may their memory be blessed, denied [the possibility of] His composition and dissolution and said (Chagigah 15a), "Above there is no sitting or standing, no backside (aoref) and no weariness (aipui)," which is to say say no dissolution, and that is aoref, and no composition, and that is aipui, as per the usage (Isaiah 11:14), "And they aifu on the shoulder of the Philistines," which is to say they pushed themselves onto [their] shoulder to connect to them. And the prophet said (Isaiah 40:25), "'And to whom do you compare Me and I be equated,' says the Holy."[But] were He a body, He would be comparable to [other] bodies. And everything that comes in the holy Scriptures that describes Him in physical ways, such as walking or standing or sitting or speaking, or similar to it, it is all by way of metaphor. And so did the rabbis say (Berakhot 31b), "The Torah speaks in the language of people." And the sages already spoke much about this matter. And this third principle is indicated by that which is stated (Deuteronomy 4:15), "for you did not see any image" - which is to say, you did not perceive Him as something with an image, because He is - as we mentioned - not a body and not the power of a body.
(19) The fourth principle Preexistence and that is that we believe that this Unity that we mentioned is absolutely preexisting, and that no other existing thing besides Him was preexisting in relation to Him. And the proofs to this in the holy Scriptures are many. And this fourth principle is indicated by that which is stated (Deuteronomy 33:27), "The abode of the preexisting God."
(20) The fifth principle That He is the One that is fitting to serve and to exalt and to make His greatness known and to do His commandments; and not to do this to that which is below Him in existence - from the angels and the stars and the spheres and the elements and what which is composed of them. As they are all designed and there is no judgement and no free choice in their actions - only to Him, may He be blessed. And so [too], it is not fitting to serve them in order that they be intermediaries to bring them closer to Him, but rather to Him alone should they direct their thoughts and leave everything besides Him. And this fifth principle is that idolatry (worship of others) is prohibited, and most of the Torah prohibits this.
(21) The sixth principle Prophecy and that is that a person should know that among the human species, there is found those that naturally have highly elevated character traits and great wholeness and their souls become fit until they receive the form of the intellect. Afterwards that human intellect clings to the Active Intellect and It emanates lofty emanation to him. And these are the prophets and this is prophecy and this is its understanding. And the full elucidation of this principle is very lengthy and it is not our intention to demonstrate all of its paradigms and to elucidate the nature of its attainment; as this is the understanding of wisdom, more generally. Rather, I am mentioning it only in passing. And the verses of the Torah testify to the prophecy of many prophets.
(22) The seventh principle The prophecy of Moshe, our teacher - peace be upon him - and that is that we believe that he was the father of all the prophets that were before him and that arose after him, [meaning] that all are below him in [loftiness] and that he is the chosen one from the entire human species. [This is so] since he grasped more of His knowledge than any man who lived and more than any man who will live, and he arrived at an elevation above man - until he reached the level of angels and was included in the domain of the angels. No barrier remained that he did not pierce and go through and no physical impediment impeded him and no defect - whether large or small - was a part of him. And the illusory and physical powers and their perceptions disappeared from him and the power of arousal and desire were separated from him and he remained only intellect. And about this matter, it is stated about him that he would speak with God, may He be blessed, without an angelic intermediary. My desire was to elucidate this amazing matter and to open the lock from the verses of the Torah and to explain the meaning of "Mouth to mouth" (Numbers 12:8) and the entire verse besides [this phrase] about this matter. However, I saw that these matters would require very many proofs and that we would have needed many propositions and introductions and parables, and that we first elucidate the existence of angels and the difference in their level from the Creator, God - may He be blessed - and that we elucidate the [nature of the] soul and all of its powers. And the circle would be so wide to the point that we would speak about the forms that the prophets spoke about, that are fitting for the Creator and for the angels. And we would enter into this with a full posture and in its context. And a hundred pages would not suffice just for this matter - and even if it was greatly shortened. And therefore I will leave it for its place, whether in the book of homilies that I have projected to write or in the books of prophecy that I am involved with or in the book that I will write to elucidate these principles.
(כה) היסוד השמיני
היות התורה מן השמים והוא שנאמין כי כל התורה הזאת הנתונה ע"י משה רבינו ע"ה שהיא כולה מפי הגבורה כלומר שהגיעה אליו כולה מאת ה' יתברך בענין שנקרא על דרך השאלה דבור ואין ידוע היאך הגיע אלא הוא משה ע"ה שהגיע לו וכי הוא היה כמו סופר שקוראין לו והוא כותב כל מאורעות הימים הספורים והמצות ולפיכך נקרא מחוקק ואין הפרש בין ובני חם כוש ומצרים ושם אשתו מהטבאל ותמנע היתה פלגש ובין אנכי ה' אלהיך ושמע ישראל כי הכל מפי הגבורה והכל תורת ה' תמימה טהורה וקדושה אמת וזה שאומר שכמו אלה הפסוקים והספורים משה ספרם מדעתו הנה הוא אצל חכמינו ונביאינו כופר ומגלה פנים יותר מכל הכופרים לפי שחשב שיש בתורה לב וקליפה ושאלה דברי הימים והספורים אין תועלת בהם ושהם מאת משה רבינו ע"ה וזה ענין (סנהדרין ל.) אין תורה מן השמים אמרו חכמים ז"ל הוא המאמין שכל התורה מפי הגבורה חוץ מן הפסוק זה שלא אמר הקב"ה אלא משה מפי עצמו (שם צט.) וזה כי דבר ה' בזה הש"י ויתר ממאמר הכופרים אלא כל דבור ודבור מן התורה יש בהן חכמות ופלאים למי שמבין אותם ולא הושג תכלית חכמתם ארוכה מארץ מדה ורחבה מני ים ואין לאיש אלא להלך בעקבות דוד משיח אלהי יעקב שהתפלל גל עיני ואביטה נפלאות מתורתך (תהילים קי״ט:י״ח) וכמו כן פירש התורה המקובל ג"כ מפי הגבורה וזה שאנו עושים היום מתבנית הסוכה ולולב ושופר וציצית ותפילין וזולתם הוא בעצמו התבנית אשר אמר הש"י למשה והוא אמר לנו והוא נאמן בשליחותו והמאמר המורה על היסוד הזה הוא מה שנאמר (במדבר ט״ז:כ״ח) ויאמר משה בזאת תדעון כי ה' שלחני לעשות כל המעשים האלה כי לא מלבי:
(כו) היסוד התשיעי
ההעתק והוא כי התורה הזאת מועתקת מאת הבורא הש"י לא מזולתו ועליה אין להוסיף וממנה אין לגרוע לא בתורה שבכתב ולא בתורה שבעל פה שנאמר לא תוסיף עליו ולא תגרע ממנו וכבר בארנו מה שצריך לבאר ביסוד זה בפתיחת זה החבור:
(כז) היסוד העשירי
כי הוא הש"י יודע מעשיהם של בני אדם ואינו מעלים עינו מהם לא כדעת מי שאמר עזב ה' את הארץ אלא כמו שנאמר (ירמיהו ל״ב:י״ט) גדול העצה ורב העליליה אשר עיניך פקוחות על כל דרכי בני אדם וגו' וירא ה' כי רבה רעת האדם בארץ וגו' (בראשית ו׳:ה׳) ונאמר זעקת סדום ועמורה כי רבה (שם יח) זהו מורה על היסוד העשירי הזה:
(כח) היסוד אחד עשר
כי הוא הש"י נותן שכר למי שעושה מצות התורה ויעניש למי שעובר על אזהרותיה וכי השכר הגדול העולם הבא והעונש החזק הכרת וכבר אמרנו בזה הענין מה שיספיק והמקרא המורה על היסוד הזה מה שנא' (שמות ל״ב:ל״ב) ועתה אם תשא חטאתם ואם אין מחני נא והשיב לו הש"י מי אשר חטא לי אמחנו מספרי ראיה שיודע העובר והחוטא לתת שכר לזה ועונש לזה:
(כט) היסוד שנים עשר
ימות המשיח והוא להאמין ולאמת שיבא ולא יחשב שיתאחר אם יתמהמה חכה לו ולא ישים לו זמן ולא יעשה. לו סברות במקראות להוציא זמן ביאתו וחכמים אומרים (סנהדרין צז:ע"ש) תפח רוחן של מחשבי קצין ושיאמין שיהיה לו יתרון ומעלה וכבוד על כל המלכים שהיו מעולם כפי מה שנבאו עליו כל הנביאים ממשה רבינו ע"ה עד מלאכי ע"ה ומי שהסתפק בו או נתמעט אצלו מעלתו כפר בתורה שיעד בו בתורה בפירוש בפרשת בלעם ופרשת אתם נצבים ומכלל יסוד זה שאין מלך לישראל אלא מבית דוד ומזרע שלמה בלבד וכל החולק על המשפחה הזאת כפר בשם הש"י ובדברי נביאיו:
(ל) היסוד שלשה עשר
תחיית המתים וכבר בארנוה וכאשר יאמין האדם אלה היסודות כלם ונתברר בה אמונתו בהם הוא נכנס בכלל ישראל ומצוה לאהבו ולרחם עליו ולנהוג עמו בכל מה שצוה הש"י איש לחבירו מן האהבה והאחוה ואפי' עשה מה שיכול מן העבירות מחמת התאוה והתגברות הטבע הגרוע הוא נענש כפי חטאיו אבל יש לו חלק לעוה"ב והוא מפושעי ישראל וכשנתקלקל לאדם יסוד מאלה היסודות הרי יצא מן הכלל וכפר בעיקר ונקרא מין ואפיקורוס וקוצץ בנטיעות ומצוה לשונאו ולאבדו ועליו נאמר (תהלי' קל"ט) הלא משנאך ה' אשנא. והנה הארכתי בדברים הרבה ויצאתי מענין חבורי אבל אני עשיתי זה לפי שראיתי בו תועלת באמונה לפי שאספתי בו דברים מועילים מפוזרים מספרים גדולים לכן דע אותם והצלח בהם וחוזר (אלה) [עליהם] פעמים רבות והתבונן בהם התבוננות יפה ואם השיאך לבך ותחשב שהגיעו לך ענינו מפעם אחת או מעשרה הרי הש"י יודע שהשיאך על שקר ולכן לא תמהר בקריאתו כי אני לא חברתי כפי מה שנזדמן לי אלא לאחר עיון גדול והתבוננות ואחר שראיתי דעות ברורות אמיתיות וזולתי אמיתיות וידעתי מה שהוא ראוי להאמן מהם והבאתי ראיה בטענות וראיות על כל ענין וענין ומהש"י להפיקני רצוני ולהדריכני בדרך הטובה ואחזור לענין הפרק:
(25) The eighth principle That the Torah is from Heaven and that is that we believe that this Torah that is given to us through Moshe, our teacher - peace be upon him - is completely from the mouth of the Almighty; which is to say that it all came to him from God, may He be blessed, in a manner that is metaphorically called speech. And no one knows how it came to him except Moshe himself, peace be upon him - since it came to him. And [we believe] that he was like a scribe who is dictated to and writes down all of the events, the stories and the commandments. And therefore [Moshe] is called the engraver. And there is no difference between "And the sons of Cham were Kush and Mitsrayim" (Genesis 10:6), "and his wife's name was" Meheitabel" (Genesis 36:39), "And Timnah was his concubine" (Genesis 36:12) [ on the one hand] and "I am the Lord, your God" (Exodus 20:2) and "Hear Israel" (Deuteronomy 6:4) [on the other]; since they are all from the mouth of the Almighty and it is all the Torah of God - complete, pure and holy truth. And anyone who says, "These type of verses or stories were written by Moshe on his own," is for our sages and prophets a heretic, and one who reveals [incorrect] faces [of the Torah] more than all of the heretics; since he thinks that there is a heart and a peel to the Torah and that these chronicles and stories don't have a point to them and that they are from Moshe our teacher - peace be upon him. And this matter of one who holds that the Torah is not from Heaven, the sages said about it (Sanhedrin 99a), that it is one who believes the whole Torah is from the mouth of the Almighty except for this one verse, which the Holy One, blessed be He, did not say, but rather it was from Moshe himself. And this is "Since he disgraced the word of the Lord" (Numbers 13:31) - God, may He be blessed, is above the statements of the heretics. Rather every single word of the Torah contains wisdom and wonders for the one who understands them. And their ultimate wisdom is not [fully] grasped, as 'its measure is longer than the earth and broader than the sea.' And a man should only walk in the footsteps of of David, the anointed of the God of Yaakov, who prayed (Psalms 119:18), "Uncover my eyes and I shall look upon the wonders of Your Torah." And so too, the accepted understanding of the Torah is also from the Almighty; and [so] that which we today make a [certain] form for the sukkah, the lulav, the shofar, the tsitsit, the tefilllin and other [such maters], it is the exact form that God, may He be blessed, said to Moshe, and which [Moshe] told to us - and he is reliable in his charge. And the statement that indicates this principle is that which is stated (Numbers 16:28), "with this shall you know that it is the Lord that sent me to do all of these acts, and it is not from my heart."
(26) The ninth principle Faithful transmission and that is that this Torah has faithfully been transmitted from the Creator, God - may He be blessed - and not from anyone else. And [so] it cannot be added to and it cannot be taken away from, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 13:1), "you shall not add to it and you shall not take away from it." And we have already elucidated this principle in the introduction to this composition.
(27) The tenth principle is that God, may He be blessed, knows the actions of people and does not ignore them. Not like the opinion of the one that said that 'the Lord abandoned the earth,' but rather as it is stated (Jeremiah 32:19), "Great of counsel and mighty of works, as Your eyes are open upon all the ways of people, etc."; "And the Lord saw that the evil of man was mighty upon the earth, etc." (Genesis 6:5); and it is stated (Genesis 18:2), "the yelling of Sodom and Ammorah, as it was mighty." And this is what indicates this tenth principle.
(28) The eleventh principle is that God, may He be blessed gives reward to the one who does the commandments of the Torah and punishes the one who transgresses its prohibitions and that the great reward is the world to come and that the strong punishment is being cut off. And we have already said about this matter that which will suffice. And the verse that indicates this principle is that which is stated (Exodus 32:32), "And now, if You will lift up their sin; but if not, erase me please," and God, may He be blessed, answered him (Exodus 32:33), "The one who sins against Me, I will erase from My book" - this is a proof that that He knows the servant and the sinner to give reward to this [one] and punishment to that [one].
(29) The twelfth principle The Messianic era and that is to believe and to confirm that he will come and not to think that he is late. 'If the tarries, wait for him' and do not give him a [set] time and do not create analyses from the verses to extrapolate the time of his coming. And the sages said (Sanhedrin 97b), "The spirit of those that calculate the end should blow up." And [from this principle is] that he believes that [the Messiah] will have great advantage and stature and honor above all of the kings that ever were; according to that which all of the prophets prophesied about him; from Moshe, our teacher, - peace be upon him - to Malachi, peace be upon him. And one who doubts him or for whom his stature is diminished denies the Torah, as the Torah testifies about him in Parshat Bilaam and in Parshat Atem Netsavim. And included in this principle is that there should not be a king in Israel except from the House of David alone. And anyone who disputes [the status] of this family, denies the name of God, may He be blessed, and the words of His prophets.
(30) The thirteenth principle The Revival of the dead and we have already elucidated it. And when a person believes in all of these principles and his faith in them is clarified, he enters into the category of Israel; and it is [then] a commandment to love him and to have mercy upon him and to act with him according to everything which God, may He be blessed, commanded about the a man towards his fellow, regarding love and brotherhood. And even if he does what is in his ability from the sins, because of desire and the overpowering of his base nature, he is punished according to his sins, but he [still] has a share in the world to come, and is [only considered to be] from the sinners of Israel. But if one of these principles becomes compromised for a person, behold, he exits the category of Israel and denies a fundamental [dogma] and is called an apostate, a heretic and 'someone who cuts the plantings.' And it is a commandment to hate him and to destroy him, and about him it is stated (Psalms 139:21), "Do I not hate those that You hate, O Lord." And behold, I have written at great length about these things and I have gone on a tangent from the subject of my composition, but I have done this because I saw an [important] point to it about faith - as I have collected many useful things scattered in [various] great books. And you should know them and have success with them and review (these) [over them] many times and reflect on them with a proper reflection. And if your heart carries you away to think that you understand its content from one [reading] - or from ten - you will know that it has carried you away falsely. And therefore, do not haste in your reading of it; since I did not write it according to that which [just] came to me, but rather after great analysis and reflection. And after I saw clear and true opinions and [also] those not true, then I knew what was fitting to believe from them and brought proof in the claims and proofs on each and every matter. And it is from God, may He be blessed, to fulfill my wish and to guide me in the good path. And I will [now] return to the subject of the chapter [in the Mishnah].