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Pirke Avot: How to Find Torah

(ד) יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה וְיוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹחָנָן אִישׁ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם קִבְּלוּ מֵהֶם. יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה אוֹמֵר, יְהִי בֵיתְךָ בֵית וַעַד לַחֲכָמִים, וֶהֱוֵי מִתְאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵיהֶם, וֶהֱוֵי שׁוֹתֶה בְצָמָא אֶת דִּבְרֵיהֶם:

(4) Yose ben Yoezer, man of Tsreida, and Yose ben Yochanan, man of Jerusalem, received from him. Yose ben Yoezer says, "May your house be a meeting house for Sages, roll in the dust of their feet and drink their words thirstily."

(ו) ד׳) בני, הוי זהיר להתאבק בעפר רגלי החכמים (אבות פ״א ד׳), ואל תסמוך על דעתך, ואינך רשאי לומר קבלו דעתי (שם פ״ד ח׳).

(6) "Be sure to sit at the dust of the feet of the sages (Avot 1:4):" Do not rely on your own opinions. Never say: "accept my opinion (Avot 4:8)."

(ב) יְהִי בֵיתְךָ בֵית וַעַד לַחֲכָמִים. כְּשֶׁיִּרְצוּ הַחֲכָמִים לְהִתְקַבֵּץ וּלְהִוָּעֵד, יִהְיֶה בֵּיתְךָ מוּכָן לְדָבָר זֶה, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ רְגִילִים לוֹמַר נִתְקַבֵּץ בַּבַּיִת שֶׁל פְּלוֹנִי. שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא תִּלְמֹד מֵהֶם אֵיזֶה דְּבַר חָכְמָה. מָשְׁלוּ מָשָׁל לְמַה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְנִכְנָס לַחֲנוּתוֹ שֶׁל בַּשָּׂם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא לָקַח כְּלוּם, מִכָּל מָקוֹם רֵיחַ טוֹב קָלַט וְהוֹצִיא עִמּוֹ:

(2) "May your house be a meeting place for the sages": When the sages wish to gather together or to meet, let your house be ready for this purpose, so that they will become accustomed to saying "Let us gather at so and so’s house." For it is not possible that you will not learn some bit of wisdom from them. They stated allegorically," To what can this be compared? To one who entered a perfumer’s shop; though he did not purchase anything, in any case he soaked up a good scent and brought it out with him. "

Abravanel:
Let the housing of your intellect––your mind––be open to accept the counsel of wise men."
Midrash Shmuel
מתאבק: And roll in the dust of their feet: Why use this phrase? They could have chosen a more discreet phraseology to make the point. Secondly, most of the English translations of this maxim interpret the word mitavek ––to sit. Technically this is incorrect; the Hebrew word is closwer to the meanting of to joust–to contest. The answer suggested is that when two people are jousting they kcik up a great deal of dust, each one endeavoring to trip and fell his opponent. Hence, in ta home of culture one should be eager to match skills and cross intellectual swords with colleagues in order to rise to a higher level.

(יד) רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי אוֹמֵר, הֱוֵי גוֹלֶה לִמְקוֹם תּוֹרָה, וְאַל תֹּאמַר שֶׁהִיא תָבֹא אַחֲרֶיךָ, שֶׁחֲבֵרֶיךָ יְקַיְּמוּהָ בְיָדֶךָ. וְאֶל בִּינָתְךָ אַל תִּשָּׁעֵן (משלי ג):

(14) Rabbi Nehorai says: Exile yourself to a place of Torah, and do not say that it will follow after you, that your colleagues will make it yours. Do not rely on your understanding.

אמר רבי חלבו חמרא דפרוגייתא ומיא דדיומסת קיפחו עשרת השבטים מישראל רבי אלעזר בן ערך איקלע להתם אימשיך בתרייהו איעקר תלמודיה כי הדר אתא קם למיקרי בספרא בעא למיקרא (שמות יב, ב) החדש הזה לכם אמר החרש היה לבם בעו רבנן רחמי עליה והדר תלמודיה והיינו דתנן ר' נהוראי אומר הוי גולה למקום תורה ואל תאמר שהיא תבא אחריך שחבריך יקיימוה בידך ואל בינתך אל תשען תנא לא ר' נהוראי שמו אלא ר' נחמיה שמו ואמרי לה ר' אלעזר בן ערך שמו ולמה נקרא שמו ר' נהוראי שמנהיר עיני חכמים בהלכה:
Apropos Deyomset, the Gemara cites that Rabbi Ḥelbo said: The wine of Phrygia [Perugaita] and the water of the Deyomset deprived Israel of the ten lost tribes. Because the members of these tribes were attracted to the pleasures of wine and bathing and did not occupy themselves with Torah, they were lost to the Jewish people. The Gemara relates that once Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh happened to come there, to Phrygia and Deyomset, and he was drawn after them, and his Torah learning was forgotten. When he returned, he stood to read from a Torah scroll and was supposed to read the verse: “This month shall be for you [haḥodesh hazeh lakhem]” (Exodus 12:2), but he had forgotten so much that he could barely remember how to read the Hebrew letters, and instead he read: Have their hearts become deaf [haḥeresh haya libbam], interchanging the similar letters reish for dalet, yod for zayin, and beit for khaf. The Sages prayed and asked for God to have mercy on him, and his learning was restored. And that is what we learned in a mishna that Rabbi Nehorai says: Exile yourself to a place of Torah and do not say that it will follow you, as if you are in a place of Torah, your colleagues will establish it in your hands, and do not rely on your understanding alone. It was taught: Rabbi Nehorai was not his name, but rather Rabbi Neḥemya was his name; and some say that Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh was his name and his statement was based on the personal experience of forgetting his Torah due to his failure to exile himself to a place of Torah. And why was he called Rabbi Nehorai? It was because he would illuminate [manhir] the eyes of the Sages in halakha.

(א) הֱוֵי גּוֹלֶה לִמְקוֹם תּוֹרָה. אִם אֵין תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בִּמְקוֹמְךָ:

(1) "Exile yourself to a place of Torah": if there are no Torah scholars in your place.

(ב) וְאַל תֹּאמַר שֶׁהִיא תָּבֹא אַחֲרֶיךָ. תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים יָבֹאוּ לְכָאן:

(2) "and do not say that it will follow after you": Torah scholars will come here.

(ג) שֶׁחֲבֵרֶיךָ יְקַיְּמוּהָ בְיָדֶךָ. וְאַל תִּסְמֹךְ שֶׁחֲבֵרֶיךָ כְּשֶׁיָּבֹאוּ מִבֵּית הָרַב יְקַיְּמוּ הַתּוֹרָה בְּיָדְךָ, שֶׁתִּלְמֹד מֵהֶם מַה שֶּׁלָּמְדוּ הֵם מִן הָרַב. אֶלָּא הֱוֵי גּוֹלֶה אַתָּה בְעַצְמְךָ לִמְקוֹם הָרַב, שֶׁאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה שׁוֹמֵעַ מִפִּי תַּלְמִיד לְשׁוֹמֵעַ מִפִּי הָרַב. פֵּרוּשׁ אַחֵר, שֶׁחֲבֵרֶיךָ יְקַיְּמוּהָ בְּיָדֶךָ, מִפְּנֵי מָה אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לְךָ הֱוֵי גּוֹלֶה לִמְקוֹם תּוֹרָה, שֶׁחֲבֵרֶיךָ יְקַיְּמוּהָ בְּיָדֶךָ, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ אַתָּה חָרִיף וּמְפֻלְפָּל בְּיוֹתֵר לֹא תִּתְקַיֵּם הַתּוֹרָה בְּךָ אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי חֲבֵרֶיךָ שֶׁתִּשָּׂא וְתִתֵּן עִמָּהֶם, וְהַיְנוּ דִּמְסַיֵּם וְאֶל בִּינָתְךָ אַל תִּשָּׁעֵן:

(3) "that your colleagues will make it yours": And do not rely upon your colleagues when they return from the house of the teacher that they will make it yours, such that you will learn from them what they learned from the teacher. But rather, exile yourself - you yourself - to the place of the teacher, since learning from the mouth of the student is not the same as learning from the mouth of the teacher. Another explanation: "as your colleagues will make it yours" - Why do I say to you, "Exile yourself to a place of Torah?" Because "your colleagues will make it yours;" as even if you are sharp and extremely analytical, the Torah will only be yours through your colleagues with whom you give and take. And that is [the reason] that it ends, "Do not rely on your understanding."

(ב) היה רבי מאיר אומר הלומד תורה מרב אחד למה הוא דומה לאחד שהיה לו שדה אחת וזרע מקצתה חטים ומקצתה שעורים [ובמקצתה זיתים ובמקצתה אילנות ונמצא האדם ההוא מלא טובה וברכה ובזמן שלומד מב׳ ג׳ דומה למי שיש לו שדות הרבה אחת זרע חטין ואחת זרע שעורים] ונטע אחת זיתים ואחת אילנות ונמצא אדם ההוא מפוזר בין הארצות בלא טוב וברכה:

Rabbi Meir would say: one who studies Torah from a single teacher, to what might he be compared? To an individual who had a lone field and sowed it with a plot of wheat, a plot of barley, a plot of olive trees, and a plot of oak trees. This man is full of good and blessing. But what happens when one studies with two or three teachers? To what is he like? Someone who has numerous fields, on one he plants wheat, on one he plants barley, on one he plants olive trees, and on one he plants oak trees. Such a man's attention is split between the different lands, and such is not good and without blessing.

(ו) יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן פְּרַחְיָה וְנִתַּאי הָאַרְבֵּלִי קִבְּלוּ מֵהֶם. יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן פְּרַחְיָה אוֹמֵר, עֲשֵׂה לְךָ רַב, וּקְנֵה לְךָ חָבֵר, וֶהֱוֵי דָן אֶת כָּל הָאָדָם לְכַף זְכוּת:

(6) Yehoshua ben Perachiah and Nitai of Arbel received from them. Yehoshua ben Perachia says, "Make for yourself a mentor, acquire for yourself a friend and judge every person as meritorious."

(א) עֲשֵׂה לְךָ רַב. רַמְבַּ"ם פֵּרֵשׁ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת לְךָ רַב, עֲשֵׂה אוֹתוֹ רַב עָלֶיךָ וְלֹא תִּלְמֹד בֵּינְךָ לְבֵין עַצְמְךָ. וַאֲנִי שָׁמַעְתִּי, עֲשֵׂה לְךָ רַב, שֶׁיְּקַבֵּל לוֹ רַב אֶחָד שֶׁיִּלְמֹד מִמֶּנּוּ תָּמִיד, וְלֹא יִלְמֹד הַיּוֹם מֵאֶחָד וּלְמָחָר מִן הָאַחֵר. וְאַף עַל גַּב דִּבְמַסֶּכֶת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה (דף י"ט) אָמְרוּ הַלּוֹמֵד תּוֹרָה מֵרַב אֶחָד אֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה סִימַן בְּרָכָה, כְּבָר פֵּרְשׁוּ וְאָמְרוּ הָנֵי מִלֵּי בִּסְבָרָא, שֶׁטּוֹב לוֹ לִשְׁמֹעַ סְבָרַת הָרַבִּים, אֲבָל לְעִנְיַן גְּמָרָא, מֵחַד רַב מְעַלֵּי, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֹא לִפְגֹּם לִשָׁנֵיהּ:

(1) "Make for yourself a (Torah) mentor": Rambam explained, “Even though he is not fit to be your teacher, make him into your teacher and do not learn on your own.” And I heard, “'Make for yourself a teacher,' [meaning] that he should take on one teacher from which always to learn – and not learn from one today and from another one tomorrow." And even though they stated in tractate Avodah Zara 19, “One who learns from [only] one teacher will not see a sign of blessing;” they have already explained and said, “this applies to reasoning” - as it is good for him to hear the reasoning of the many - “but with concern to [memorization of traditional teachings], it is better from one teacher, so that [the student's] elocution not be damaged."

(יז) בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽהוּ׃
(17) As iron sharpens iron So a man sharpens the wit of his friend.
אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק למה נמשלו דברי תורה כעץ שנאמר (משלי ג, יח) עץ חיים היא למחזיקים בה לומר לך מה עץ קטן מדליק את הגדול אף תלמידי חכמים קטנים מחדדים את הגדולים והיינו דאמר ר' חנינא הרבה למדתי מרבותי ומחבירי יותר מרבותי ומתלמידי יותר מכולן
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Why are Torah matters likened to a tree, as it is stated: “It is a tree of life to them who lay hold upon it” (Proverbs 3:18)? This verse comes to tell you that just as a small piece of wood can ignite a large piece, so too, minor Torah scholars can sharpen great Torah scholars and enable them to advance in their studies. And this is what Rabbi Ḥanina said: I have learned much from my teachers and even more from my friends, but from my students I have learned more than from all of them.